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Subject: Patterns of global terrorism 1994
Topic: std
From: US Department of State
 
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF STATE
1995 APRIL: PATTERNS OF GLOBAL TERRORISM, 1994
OFFICE OF THE CORRDINATOR FOR COUNTERTERRORISM


                   Patterns of Global Terrorism: 1994


     Introduction

Terrorism continued to menace civil society in 1994. Although  
international terrorism declined worldwide, there was an upsurge of  
attacks by Islamic extremist groups, including many aimed at undermining  
the Middle East peace process. The Clinton administration increased  
cooperative efforts with many nations to reduce the threat of terrorism.

Examples of serious acts of international terrorism in 1994 were:

--  The bombing of a Jewish cultural center in Buenos Aires in July that  
killed nearly 100 persons.
--  The hijacking in December of an Air France jet by the Algerian Armed  
Islamic Group, who are waging a massive campaign of terrorism against  
Algerians and foreigners in Algeria.
--  Attacks against foreign tourists by Islamic radicals in Egypt and by  
the PKK in Turkey.
--  The bombing of a Panamanian commuter aircraft that killed 21  
persons.

Extremists opposed to the Arab-Israeli peace process dramatically  
increased the scale and frequency of their attacks in Israel, the West  
Bank, and Gaza. More than 100 civilians died in these attacks in 1994.

This pattern of terrorism in 1994 reflects a trend in recent years of a  
decline in attacks by secular terrorist groups and an increase in  
terrorist activities by radical Islamic groups. These groups are a small  
minority in the Islamic world, and most Islamic countries, as well as  
the Organization of the Islamic Conference, have condemned religious  
extremism and violence. Nevertheless, terrorism in Islamic guise is a  
problem for established governments in the Middle East and a threat to  
the Arab-Israeli peace process.

There have been important positive developments as well in the fight  
against international terrorism:

--  Two radical Arab regimes long involved in sponsoring and supporting  
terrorism in the Middle EastwLibya and Iraqware isolated.

--  Iran, while still a major state sponsor of terrorism, is under  
considerable economic pressure.

--  The old Soviet Union, once a protector of radical terrorist states  
and organizations, is gone.

--  The conflicts in Northern Ireland and South Africa, regarded in the  
past as intractable, have also yielded to processes of peaceful  
settlement, and the main protagonists have halted the use of terror and  
violence as a political weapon.

--  Counterterrorism and law enforcement cooperation among nations has  
grown, increasing the pressure on terrorists, and there is a growing  
international consensus that terrorism is beyond the pale.

--  The Arab-Israeli conflict, which has bred much terror and violence,  
has taken a historic turn toward resolution. Israel and the PLO have  
concluded an agreement on interim self-government in the West Bank and  
Gaza Strip. Jordan has followed Egypt in making peace with Israel; other  
Arab states are establishing contacts with Israel; and Syria and Israel  
are engaged in a process of negotiations. Nevertheless, those opposed to  
the peace process dramatically increased their rear-guard terrorist  
campaigns in Israel and the West Bank and Gaza aimed at destroying the  
process.

US counterterrorism policy follows three general rules:

--  First, do not make deals with terrorists or submit to blackmail. We  
have found over the years that this policy works.
--  Second, treat terrorists as criminals and apply the rule of law.
--  Third, bring maximum pressure on states that sponsor and support  
terrorists by imposing economic, diplomatic, and political sanctions and  
urging other states to do likewise.

Because terrorism is a global problem, the Clinton administration is  
deeply engaged in cooperation with other governments in an international  
effort to combat terrorism:

--  US intelligence and law enforcement agencies have an active network  
of cooperative relations with counterparts in scores of friendly  
countries.

--  The Office of the Coordinator for Counterterrorism in the Department  
of State conducts consultations on counterterrorism with many other  
governments. There are similar consultations in the G-7 and the European  
Union.

--  There are now 11 treaties and conventions that commit signatories to  
combat various terrorist crimes. The United States urges governments  
that have not signed and ratified these to do so promptly.

--  The Department of State's antiterrorism training assistance program  
has trained over 15,000 law enforcement personnel from more than 80  
countries over 10 years in counterterrorism techniques.

--  The United States and other nations fund an active counterterrorism  
research and development program that strengthens our capability in such  
areas as plastic explosives detection.

--  Finally, the United States offers rewards of up to $2 million for  
information that leads to the prevention or favorable resolution of a  
terrorist attack against US persons.

Civilized people everywhere are outraged by terrorist crimes. The scars  
are long lasting, and there is no recompense for victims. But terrorists  
are a small minority, whose crimes, deadly as they are, cannot be  
allowed to intimidate the forces of peace and democracy. The message to  
terrorists from Americans and other free people and nations is that we  
are strong, vigilant, and determined to defeat terrorism.

Legislative Requirements

This report is submitted in compliance with Title 22 of the United  
States Code, Section 2656f(a), which requires the Department of State to  
provide Congress a full and complete annual report on terrorism for  
those countries and groups meeting the criteria of Section (a)(1) and  
(2) of the Act. As required by legislation, the report includes detailed  
assessments of foreign countries where significant terrorist acts  
occurred and countries about which Congress was notified during the  
preceding five years pursuant to Section 6(j) of the Export  
Administration Act of 1979 (the so-called terrorism list countries that  
have repeatedly provided state support for international terrorism). In  
addition, the report includes all relevant information about the  
previous year's activities of individuals, terrorist groups, or umbrella  
groups under which such terrorist groups fall, known to be responsible  
for the kidnapping or death of any American citizen during the preceding  
five years, and groups known to be financed by state sponsors of  
terrorism.

Definitions

No one definition of terrorism has gained universal acceptance. For the  
purposes of this report, however, we have chosen the definition of  
terrorism contained in Title 22 of the United States Code, Section  
2656f(d). That statute contains the following definitions:

--  The term "terrorism" means premeditated, politically motivated  
violence perpetrated against noncombatant(1) targets by subnational  
groups or clandestine agents, usually intended to influence an audience.

__________
1 For purposes of this definition, the term ''noncombatant'' is  
interpreted to include, in addition to civilians, military personnel who  
at the time of the incident are unarmed and/or not on duty. For example,  
in past reports we have listed as terrorist incidents the murders of the  
following US military personnel: Col. James Rowe, killed in Manila in  
April 1989; Capt. William Nordeen, US defense attache killed in Athens  
in June 1988; the two servicemen killed in the La Belle disco bombing in  
West Berlin in April 1986; and the four off-duty US Embassy Marine  
guards killed in a cafe in El Salvador in June 1985. We also consider as  
acts of terrorism attacks on military installations or on armed military  
personnel when a state of military hostilities does not exist at the  
site, such as bombings against US bases in Europe, the Philippines, or  
elsewhere.
__________

--  The term "international terrorism" means terrorism involving  
citizens or the territory of more than one country.

--  The term ''terrorist group'' means any group practicing, or that has  
significant subgroups that practice, international terrorism.

The US Government has employed this definition of terrorism for  
statistical and analytical purposes since 1983. In a number of  
countries, domestic terrorism, or an active insurgency, has a greater  
impact on the level of political violence than does international  
terrorism. Although not the primary purpose of this report, we have  
attempted to indicate those areas where this is the case.

Note

Adverse mention in this report of individual members of any political,  
social, ethnic, religious, or national group is not meant to imply that  
all members of that group are terrorists. Indeed, terrorists represent a  
small minority of dedicated, often fanatical, individuals in most such  
groups. It is that small groupwand their actionswthat is the subject of  
this report.

Furthermore, terrorist acts are part of a larger phenomenon of  
politically inspired violence, and at times the line between the two can  
become difficult to draw. To relate terrorist events to the larger  
context, and to give a feel for the conflicts that spawn violence, this  
report will discuss terrorist acts as well as other violent incidents  
that are not necessarily international terrorism.

Philip C. Wilcox, Jr.
Coordinator for Counterterrorism



                 Contents

Introduction                              iii
The Year in Review                          1
African Overview                            2
  Angola                                    2
  Sierra Leone                              2
  South Africa                              2
  Togo                                      2
  Uganda                                    2
Asian Overview                              2
  Afghanistan                               3
  Cambodia                                  3
  India                                     4
  Pakistan                                  4
  Philippines                               4
  Sri Lanka                                 4
  Thailand                                  5
European Overview                           5
  Albania                                   5
  Azerbaijan                                5
  The Baltics                               6
  France                                    6
  Germany                                   7
</pre><a href="#greece">
  Greece</a><pre>                                    7
  Italy                                     7
  Russia                                    8
  Spain                                     8
  Turkey                                    8
  United Kingdom                            9
  Former Yugoslavia                        10
Latin American Overview                    10
  Argentina                                11
  Chile                                    11
  Colombia                                 11
  Ecuador                                  11
  Guatemala                                12
  Panama                                   13
  Peru                                     13
  Uruguay                                  13
Middle Eastern Overview                    13
  Algeria                                  15
  Egypt                                    15
  Israel and the Occupied Territories      16
  Jordan                                   17
  Lebanon                                  18
  Morocco                                  18
State-Sponsored Terrorism Overview         19
  Cuba                                     20
  Iran                                     20
  Iraq                                     21
  Libya                                    22
  North Korea                              23
  Sudan                                    23
  Syria                                    23
Appendixes
  A.   Chronology of Significant  
         Terrorist Incidents, 1994         25
  B.   Background Information on Major
         Groups Discussed in the Report    33
  C.   Statistical Review                  63
  D.   Map of International Terrorist  
         Incidents, 1994                   69
Inset
  HAMAS Attacks                            12




                 Patterns of Global Terrorism: 1994


The Year in Review

There were 321 international terrorist attacks during 1994, a 25-percent  
decrease from the 431 recorded the previous year and the lowest annual  
total in 23 years. Sixty-six were anti-US attacks, down from 88 in 1993.

A powerful bomb destroyed a Jewish cultural center in Buenos Aires in  
July, killing nearly 100 persons and wounding more than 200 others. The  
bombing could well be the work of Hizballah, which claimed  
responsibility for an almost identical bombing of the Israeli Embassy in  
Buenos Aires in 1992.

A serious hijacking occurred on 24 December in Algiers when terrorists  
from the Armed Islamic Group took over an Air France jet, murdered three  
passengers, and flew the plane with 170 hostages to Marseille. The  
assault ended two days later with a remarkably successful rescue  
operation by French commandos that resulted in the deaths of all four  
hijackers and no other fatalities.

There were numerous deadly attacks by the Islamic extremist group HAMAS  
against Israelis. In April a bomb in Fula that exploded near a commuter  
bus killed eight persons and wounded 50, mostly children who were  
waiting to ride the bus back from school. In October a suicide bomber  
detonated a device inside a public bus in the heart of Tel Aviv's  
business and shopping district, killing 22 Israeli passengers plus the  
perpetrator and wounding at least 48. Also in October, two HAMAS gunmen  
armed with assault rifles and grenades attacked civilians in a popular  
restaurant district in the center of Jerusalem, killing two Israeli  
citizens and wounding 13 persons, including two Americans.

On 9 October, Israeli Army Corporal Nachshon Wachsman, while hitchhiking  
in central Israel, was kidnapped by HAMAS terrorists. They demanded the  
release of HAMAS spiritual leader Sheikh Yassin and 200 Palestinian  
prisoners from Israeli jails and released a videotape of Wachsman in  
captivity asking that Israel comply with the demand. Israeli forces  
located Wachsman in a West Bank house, which they stormed in an effort  
to free him, but his captors killed him as the raid began. One Israeli  
soldier and three kidnappers were also killed.

A member of the Jewish extremist group Kach attacked Palestinian  
worshippers at Hebron's al-Ibrahimi Mosque in February, killing 29 and  
wounding more than 200. The Israeli Cabinet subsequently outlawed Kach  
and the affiliated group Kahane Chai, declaring them to be terrorist  
organizations.

Four Americans were killed in terrorist attacks during 1994. Corporal  
Nachshon Wachsman, mentioned previously, held dual Israeli and American  
citizenship. Three other Americans died in an apparent suicide bombing  
of a Panamanian commuter aircraft in July that killed all 21 persons  
aboard. Four Americans were wounded as a result of HAMAS attacks in  
Israel during the year, and anotherwan American priestwwas wounded after  
he was kidnapped by terrorists in the Philippines.

Worldwide casualties numbered 314 persons dead and 663 wounded.

There were no confirmed acts of terrorismweither international or  
domesticwcommitted in the United States during 1994. In January,  
explosive devices were found outside two New York City office buildings.  
Both buildings housed Jewish-American organizations that actively  
support the Middle East peace process. These suspected terrorist  
incidents remain under investigation by the FBI.

On 24 May, four men convicted in the February 1993 bombing of the World  
Trade Center in New York City were each sentenced to 240 years in  
prison. The judge arrived at this figure by calculating the life  
expectancy of each of the six persons killed in the attack and adding  
mandatory prison terms for assault on a federal officer. Two other  
suspects in the bombing remained at large at the end of the year.

The trial of 12 defendants accused of plotting to blow up several  
landmarks in New York City began in 1995.

In October, a judge in St. Louis, Missouri, sentenced three members of  
the Abu Nidal organization (ANO) to prison sentences of 21 months for  
plotting acts of terrorism within the United States. The three had pled  
guilty to Federal racketeering charges that included allegations they  
smuggled money and information, bought weapons, recruited members,  
illegally obtained passports, and obstructed investigations.

African Overview

Civil wars and ethnic conflict continue to rage in Sub-Saharan Africa  
(for example, Somalia, Sudan, Angola, and Liberia), and several acts of  
international terrorism took place in Africa in 1994. The rightwing  
South African rejectionist Afrikaner Resistance Movement detonated a car  
bomb in Johannesburg in protest of South Africa's first multiracial  
elections. Togolese oppositionists may have been responsible for a  
grenade attack on a French-owned restaurant that wounded five French and  
two Beninese citizens.

Sudan turned over the international terrorist Carlos to France in  
August, but insisted that action did not represent a change in Sudanese  
policy and would not affect other terrorists harbored in Sudan.

Angola

In January, rival factions of the Front for the Liberation of the  
Enclave of Cabinda (FLEC) claimed responsibility for a mortar attack on  
the Chevron administrative facility in Malongo. FLEC has targeted  
Western oil companies in the past in hopes of reducing government  
revenues. In late November, FLEC-Renovada claimed credit for kidnapping  
three Polish citizens employed by an Italian forestry company.

Sierra Leone

On 7 November the rebel group Revolutionary United Front (RUF) kidnapped  
two British engineers working for the Voluntary Service Organization.  
The group also captured four relief workers who were subsequently  
released.

South Africa

There were a number of serious incidents of domestic political violence  
in the runup to South Africa's first multiracial election in April 1994.  
There was also one act of international terrorism on 27 April when  
members of the rightwing Afrikaner Resistance Movement (AWB) detonated a  
car bomb at the Jan Smuts Airport in Johannesburg. The bomb injured 16,  
including two Russian diplomats and a pilot for Swiss Air.

Togo

There were a number of incidents of domestic political violence in Togo  
in 1994 and one act of international terrorism. Togolese oppositionists,  
retaliating for what they believe is French support for President  
Eyadama, were probably responsible for a grenade attack on a French-
owned restaurant that wounded five French citizens and two Beninese.

Uganda

In 1994 the Lord's Resistance Army (LRA), an insurgent group operating  
in northern Uganda, carried out a number of attacks against foreign  
relief organizations, accusing them of collaborating with the Museveni  
government. On 23 June, for example, the LRA ambushed a World Food  
Program convoy belonging to the Catholic Relief Services.

Asian Overview

Ethnic tensions continued to pose serious terrorism concerns in South  
Asia in 1994. The Sri Lankan separatist group Liberation Tigers of Tamil  
Eelam (LTTE) is widely believed to have been behind an October suicide  
bombing attack that killed a leading presidential candidate and 56 other  
people. Pakistan continued to provide support to some of the insurgents  
fighting in Indian-controlled Kashmir. Targeting of foreigners by  
Kashmiri militants resulted in several high-profile kidnappings in 1994,  
including the abduction of British and American hostages in October and  
the abduction of British hikers near Srinigar, Kashmir, in June.  
Pakistan continued to claim that India supported separatists in Sindh  
Province.

Instability in Afghanistan occasionally spilled over into Pakistan.  
Afghan mujahedin kidnapped 81 Pakistanis on a schoolbus in Peshawar in  
February. Pakistani soldiers stormed the bus and killed the three Afghan  
gunmen. More than 20 camps in Afghanistan that once trained mujahedin to  
fight the Soviets are now being used to train militant Arabs, Kashmiris,  
Tajiks, and Muslims for new areas of conflict. Several hundred veterans  
of the Afghan war have been implicated in the violence that has wracked  
Algeria and Egypt during the last several years. Many of the supporters  
of the blind Egyptian cleric Sheikh Omar Abdul Rahman, several of whom  
were convicted of the bombing of the World Trade Center, fought with or  
actively supported the Afghan mujahedin.

There were no attacks against US facilities in the Philippines in 1994.  
Muslim extremist guerrillaswprobably from the Abu Sayyaf Group (ASG)w
kidnapped an American priest in July. He was rescued by Philippine  
Marines and members of another Muslim group. On 11 December a Philippine  
Airlines 747 en route from Manila to Tokyo was bombed, killing one  
person and injuring at least 10. Khmer Rouge insurgents posed a growing  
threat to travelers in Cambodia. Over the course of the year, the group  
kidnapped and killed at least six Westerners. An American was freed in  
May after one and one-half months in captivity. In Thailand, in March,  
police discovered a truck loaded with explosives in downtown Bangkok  
near the Israeli Embassy, which was probably the target of an attack  
that was aborted when the truck became involved in an accident, causing  
the driver to flee. One Iranian has been put on trial in the incident.

Afghanistan

Afghanistan, which lacks a functioning government, remains a training  
ground for Islamic militants committed to overthrowing regimes that  
maintain strong ties to Western governments. More than 20 camps in  
Afghanistan that once trained mujahedin to fight the Soviets are now  
being used to train militant Arabs, Kashmiris, Tajiks, and others for  
new areas of conflict. Most of these facilitieswlocated south and east  
of Kabulware overseen by the nominal Afghan Prime Minister, Gulbuddin  
Hikmatyar, or by one of his domestic rivalswAbdul Rasul Sayyaf, the  
leader of a small militant Afghan Wahhabi party, who is backed by  
several affluent foreign benefactors. Training in these camps focuses on  
tactics and techniques for conducting terrorist and insurgent  
operations, such as instruction on the use of sophisticated weapons,  
improvised explosives, boobytraps, and timing devices for bombs. The  
camps allow militants from throughout the world to train together, meet  
with new benefactors, and help foster relationships between otherwise  
disparate extremist groups.

Although only a few thousand veterans of the Afghan Jihad, along with a  
few hundred newly trained militants, are actively engaged in insurgent  
or terrorist activity worldwide, they are often responsible for raising  
the level of sophistication and destructiveness of extremist operations.  
Several hundred veterans of the Afghan war have been implicated in the  
violence that has wracked Algeria and Egypt during the last several  
years. Two of the leading Algerian extremists, Kamreddine Kherbane and  
Boudjemma Bounoua, participated in the Afghan Jihad. Many of the  
supporters of the blind Egyptian cleric, Sheikh Omar Abdul Rahman,  
several of whom were convicted of the bombing of the World Trade Center,  
fought with or actively supported the Afghan mujahedin. Many Islamists  
active in Egypt's two most violent extremist groupswal-Gama'a al-
Islamiyya and al-Jihadwreceived training in Afghanistan.

The current Afghan regimewdeeply embroiled in its own struggle for  
survivalwhas been unable to control or eliminate the training of  
extremists on its territory or terrorist use of the camps as safehavens.  
Some local Afghan leaders have taken some steps against the militants,  
but their efforts are limited by bickering, greed, and the militants'  
military and financial strength.

Cambodia

Diminished by defections and a declining support base, the Khmer Rouge  
increasingly turned toward banditry and terror in 1994. Khmer Rouge  
radio commentaries on several occasions threatened physical harm to  
Americans and other foreign nationals living in Cambodia. Travelers in  
some areas outside Phnom Penh, particularly remote rural districts,  
faced security threats from the Khmer Rouge and from bandits. An  
American was taken hostage and held by Khmer Rouge elements for one and  
one-half months but was eventually released unharmed. Many other  
civilians, however, were killed by the Khmer Rouge in 1994. The victims  
were mainly ordinary Cambodian villagers, but foreigners, including  
Thais, Vietnamese, and six Western tourists (three from Britain, two  
from Australia, and one from France), were killed by the Khmer Rouge in  
1994.

India

India continues to face significant security problems as a result of  
insurgencies in Kashmir and the northeast. Targeting of foreigners by  
Kashmiri militants resulted in several high-profile kidnappings in 1994,  
including the abduction of British and American hostages in October and  
the abduction of British hikers near Srinagar, Kashmir, in June. There  
are credible reports of support by the Government of Pakistan for  
Kashmiri militants. The Government of India has been largely successful  
in controlling the Sikh separatist movement in Punjab State, and Sikh  
militants now only rarely stage attacks in India.

The Indian Government proceeded with the investigation and trial of  
suspects in the series of blasts that struck Bombay on 12 March 1993. On  
5 August 1994, the government arrested a key suspect in the case, Yaqub  
Memon. The Memon family allegedly perpetrated the Bombay attack. The  
Government of India has claimed that Memon was carrying documents that  
incriminated Pakistan.

Pakistan

Pakistan continues to experience occasional violence as a result of  
instability in Afghanistan. Much of this violence occurs in Pakistan's  
northwest border region. On 20 February, Afghan mujahedin kidnapped 81  
Pakistanis on a schoolbus in Peshawar. The hijackers ordered the  
busdriver to proceed to Prime Minister Benazir Bhutto's residence in  
Islamabad. Following extensive negotiations, Pakistani soldiers stormed  
the bus and killed the three Afghan gunmen. Some regions of Pakistan  
also suffer from heavy sectarian, political, and criminal violence,  
particularly Sindh Province and its capital, Karachi, and the Pakistani  
tribal area bordering Afghanistan.

Pakistan recognizes the problems posed by Afghan mujahedin and  
sympathetic Arabs in the Pakistani regions that border Afghanistan. In  
1994, Islamabad refused to extend the visas of many Arabs who had fought  
in the Afghan war and who had taken refuge in Pakistan's tribal areas  
and the North West Frontier Province. Pakistan also closed several  
nongovernmental organizations it suspected were being used as cover  
agencies for Islamic militants from the Middle East. Pakistan concluded  
an extradition treaty with Egypt in late 1994 with the express purpose  
of extraditing "Arab mujahedin" operating in Peshawar.

The Government of Pakistan acknowledges that it continues to give moral,  
political, and diplomatic support to Kashmiri militants but denies  
allegations of other assistance. There were credible reports in 1994,  
however, of official Pakistani support to Kashmiri militants. Some  
support came from private organizations such as the Jamaat-i-Islami,  
Pakistan's largest Islamic party. Pakistan condemned the kidnappings in  
June and October 1994 of foreign tourists by Kashmiri militants in  
India. Pakistan has claimed that India provides support for separatists  
in Sindh Province.

Philippines

There were no attacks against official US facilities in the Philippines  
in 1994, but Muslim extremist guerrillaswprobably from the Abu Sayyaf  
Group (ASG)wkidnapped an American priest, Clarence William Bertelsman,  
on 31 July. He was held for several hours before being rescued by  
Philippine Marines and members of the largest Muslim separatist group,  
the Moro National Liberation Front (MNLF). On 11 December a Philippine  
Airlines 747 en route from Manila to Tokyo was bombed, killing one  
person and injuring at least 10 others, mostly Japanese citizens. The  
Philippine Government has been trying to reach a negotiated settlement  
to both Communist and Muslim insurgencies and currently observes a  
cease-fire with the MNLF as talks continue.

Sri Lanka

The separatist group Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE) continued  
to plague the government in 1994, with insurgency and terrorism directed  
against senior Sri Lankan political and military leaders in the  
countryside and in Colombo as well. Despite the beginning of peace  
negotiations between the government and the LTTE, the Tigers continued  
to pose a significant terrorist threat. The Tigers are widely believed  
to be behind an October suicide bombing attack that killed a leading  
presidential candidate and 56 other people.

The LTTE has refrained from targeting Western tourists out of fear that  
foreign governments would crack down on Tamil expatriates involved in  
fundraising activities abroad. However, in April 1994 the Ellalan Force,  
an LTTE front group, claimed credit for bombing several major tourist  
hotels in Colombo. The blasts, which caused only minor damage and two  
injuries, probably were intended to damage Colombo's tourist industry  
rather than to harm Westerners. The Ellalan Force also claimed in August  
to have poisoned teawSri Lanka's primary exportwwith arsenic, although  
none was ever found. Threatening Sri Lanka's two leading economic  
activities demonstrates the Tigers' interest in economic terrorism. The  
Tigers possess the infrastructure to make good on most of their recent  
threats should the current peace talks with the government fail.

Thailand

Thai police discovered a truck loaded with an ammonium nitrate mixture  
and about 6 pounds of plastic explosives in downtown Bangkok on 17  
March. The driver abandoned the truck after hitting another vehicle near  
the Israeli Embassy, which was probably the intended target. The Thai  
Government is prosecuting one Iranian in connection with the attempted  
bombing but concluded it does not have enough evidence to charge two  
other suspects. In southern Thailand, Muslim separatists, such as the  
Pattani United Liberation Front, continued to engage in low-level  
violence against the government.

European Overview

Terrorism in Europe declined somewhat in 1994, in part because of a  
cease-fire in Northern Ireland declared by the Provisional Irish  
Republican Army (PIRA) on 1 September, and by the Loyalist paramilitary  
groups in early October. In the eastern Mediterranean region, the Greek  
leftist group 17 November continued to target foreign businesses and  
diplomats, as well as Greek Government figures, and the Turkish  
separatist Kurdistan Workers' Party (PKK) attacked tourist sites in  
western Turkish resort areas on the Aegean Sea. In Spain, the Basque  
Fatherland and Liberty group (ETA) continued lethal attacks against  
Spanish police and military targets. A Bosnian Muslim protesting the  
three-year-old conflict in the former Yugoslavia hijacked a domestic SAS  
flight in Norway; there were no casualties.

Ethnic tensions in regions of the former Soviet Union have spawned acts  
of terrorism in the Caucasus and the Baltic republics. In September  
there was an attempted bombing of an airliner in Georgia. In November  
there was a hijacking of a Russian airliner to Estonia, which ended  
peacefully. In Lithuania, there were two bombings of a rail line  
connecting the Russian enclave of Kaliningrad with the Russian republic.  
Violence in this region has not, for the most part, been directed at  
foreigners.

Albania

On 10 April several gunmen crossed into Albania from Greece and stormed  
a border guard facility, killing two persons and seriously wounding  
three others before returning across the Greek border. A group calling  
itself the "Northern Epirus Liberation Front" (MAVI) claimed  
responsibility for the incident. It accused the Albanian Government of  
violating the rights of the ethnic Greek minority in Albania and berated  
Athens for not doing enough to support the minority. MAVI also issued a  
pamphlet last fall announcing the commencement of an "armed struggle"  
against Tirana and demanding, inter alia, the cessation of the alleged  
"colonization" of "Northern Epirus"wthe Greek name for southern Albania,  
which has a large ethnic Greek populationwby Albanians from the north.  
MAVI was the name of an ethnic Greek resistance group in Albania during  
World War II that operated first against the invading Italians and then  
against the Communists. Press reports state that the group was disbanded  
in the 1940s, although responsibility for the 1984 bombing of the  
Albanian Embassy in Athens was claimed in its name.

Azerbaijan

Several Armenian intelligence officers are being held in Moscow, accused  
of complicity in a series of bombings against the Baku Metro, as well as  
Azerbaijani trains in Russia and Azerbaijan that killed 45 persons and  
wounded at least 130. The Azerbaijani Supreme Court sentenced an ethnic  
Russian involved in the crimes to eight years in prison for engaging in  
intelligence work against Azerbaijan and committing acts of sabotage on  
its territory.

The Baltics

Anti-Russian sentiment may have been the catalyst for explosions and  
bomb threats in the Baltics last year. On 28 February, when Latvian and  
Russian delegations resumed talks on the withdrawal of Russian troops  
from Latvia, a minor blast caused by an estimated one-half kilogram of  
TNT damaged a power pylon near Skrunda. When Latvian and Russian  
officials initialed agreements on 15 March allowing Russia to retain its  
radar station for another five and a half years, Latvian police  
discovered and disarmed a timer-controlled device armed with 12  
kilograms of TNT at the base of another pylon. In November, a powerful  
explosion destroyed a railroad bridge in Lithuania on the main railway  
line for international trains traveling between Moscow and the Russian  
exclave of Kaliningrad. The incident may have been connected to a  
controversy surrounding negotiations over an agreement to allow Russian  
military trains to transit Lithuania to Kaliningrad.

France

France scored a number of successes against international terrorists in  
1994. In August, the Sudanese Government handed over notorious terrorist  
Illych Ramirez Sanchez, a.k.a. "Carlos," previously convicted in  
absentia in France for the murder of two French intelligence officers.  
He will probably be retried on this charge and possibly others after  
French officials complete their investigations. In September, French  
officials also arrested Dursun Karatas, leader of the Turkish leftwing  
group Dev Sol, for entering France using a false passport. (He has since  
apparently escaped.) Karatas is under investigation for complicity in  
attacks against French interests in Turkey during the Gulf war.

French authorities made a number of sweeps against foreign Islamic  
extremists, seizing arms and false documents. They arrested or expelled  
a number of North Africans believed to have links to extremist  
organizations. In November, for example, French police detained 80  
persons tied to Algeria's Armed Islamic Group. French police also  
arrested several members of the Basque terrorist organization ETA,  
including the group's second-highest ranking member, in three separate  
incidents during the year.

In December, a French court convicted two Iranians of involvement in the  
murder of former Iranian Prime Minister Bakhtiar in 1991. A third  
defendant, an Iranian Embassy employee, was acquitted.

On 26 December, France's National Gendarmerie Action Group stormed an  
Air France plane hijacked from Algiers to Marseille, killing the four  
hijackers and rescuing 170 passengers and crew.

Germany

The Red Army Faction (RAF) remained deeply divided between those who  
opted for political means and those who wanted to engage in violence.  
German courts granted early release to two RAF members: Irmgard Moeller,  
who served 22 years of a life sentence for a car bomb attack that killed  
three US soldiers in 1972, and Ingrid Jakobsmeier, who served two-thirds  
of her sentence for participating in attacks against the US military in  
1981. German authorities believe the two pose no further terrorist  
threat. Another RAF member, Birgit Hogefeld, went on trial in November  
for her part in a number of attacks, including a bombing at a US airbase  
in Frankfurt in 1985 that killed a US soldier.

Several smaller leftwing factions resumed operations. After a six-year  
hiatus, the Revolutionary Cells (RZ) reappeared with an arson attack on  
the Frankfurt subway system protesting higher fares and "racist"  
practices among ticket controllers. Red Zora, the feminist branch of the  
RZ, also reemerged and set fire to trucks belonging to a company that  
supplied groceries to refugee facilities on the premise that the firm  
was "making money off refugees." Unidentified leftwing terrorists,  
probably on the RAF periphery, bombed offices of the ruling political  
parties in two cities in September.

Rightwing extremist attacks continued to decline last year. There were  
still more than 1,000 reported attackswdown from about 2,200 in 1993wbut  
arson and mob attacks against refugee homes virtually ceased, and  
assaults on individual foreigners occurred less frequently. The most  
significant incident took place on 12 May, when at least 50 youths  
chased five foreigners through the streets of Magdeburg. However, during  
1994, the number of anti-Semitic attacks increased; rightwing extremists  
threw firebombs at a synagogue in Luebeck and desecrated Jewish  
cemeteries elsewhere.

</pre><a name="greece"><pre>
Greece

Greece was the venue for a large number of international terrorist  
attacks in 1994. The most deadly attack was the 4 July assassination of  
the acting Deputy Chief of Mission of the Turkish Embassy, claimed by  
the Revolutionary Organization 17 November. Events in the Balkans  
probably sparked a number of other attacks against Western interests in  
Greece in April, including an unsuccessful mortar attack against the  
British aircraft carrier Ark Royal in Piraeus claimed by 17 November.  
Attacks also were made against American, Dutch, French, and German  
commercial and diplomatic targets. The Revolutionary People's Struggle  
(ELA) claimed two bombing attempts against the office of the UN High  
Commissioner for Refugee Affairs.

In July, three improvised bombs exploded on the Island of Rhodes,  
injuring one foreign tourist and a Greek citizen. No group has claimed  
responsibility.

Greek authorities made little progress in 1994 against terrorist groups,  
in part due to ambivalent government attitudes toward counterterrorism.  
Greece still lacks a new antiterrorism law to replace legislation  
repealed in December 1993 by the incoming PASOK government. In addition,  
suspected terrorist Georgios Balafas was acquitted on 25 July of murder,  
armed robbery, and other charges. He still faces trial in two other  
caseswweapons and narcotics chargeswbut was released in September on  
"humanitarian" grounds after a reported hunger strike. While in the  
prison hospital, he was visited by the then Minister of Transportation  
and Communications as a "gesture of support."

Italy

Leftwing groups modeled on the largely defunct Red Brigades carried out  
several small-scale attacks, including the bombing of the NATO Defense  
College in Rome on 10 January. The attack was claimed by the Combatant  
Communist Nuclei for the Construction of the Combatant Communist Party.

In September, four members of the Red Brigades for the Construction of  
the Communist Combatant Party, another neovRed Brigades group, were  
convicted of involvement in the attack on the NATO base in Aviano in  
September 1993.

Russia

Separatist and internal power struggles, particularly in the North  
Caucasus region of Russia, continued to spawn domestic violence and  
terrorism. In July, four gunmen from the separatist Chechnya region  
hijacked a bus carrying more than 40 passengers. The incident ended  
tragically when four hostages were killed as Russian police stormed the  
hijackers' getaway helicopter. There were also a number of airplane  
hijackings, including one in the Chechnya region in which the hijacker  
blew himself up after releasing several passengers and watching the  
others escape.

Spain

Spanish authorities scored several successes against the separatist  
group Basque Fatherland and Liberty (ETA), including the disruption of  
the "Comando Vizcaya" subunit in November. One ETA member was killed and  
two arrested after a failed assassination attempt against a Spanish  
soldier. Continuing close cooperation between Spanish and French police  
resulted in a September raid on an ETA explosives factory in France and  
the arrest of five ETA members in November, including the group's  
number-two figure.

ETA carried out one act of international terrorism in 1994 with the  
attempted assassination of the Spanish military attache in Rome.  
Domestic attacks by ETA fell off at the end of the year, but the group  
retains its lethal capabilities.

Turkey

International terrorism has become an important part of the Kurdistan  
Workers' Party (PKK) campaign to establish a breakaway state in  
southeast Turkey and presents a potentially serious threat to US  
interests. PKK attacks against tourists in Turkey last year were  
particularly violent, although the overall number of terrorist attacks  
was significantly lower than in 1993. Three attacks on tourist sites in  
Istanbul in May killed two foreign touristswthe first to be killed by  
the PKKwand injured several others. In June, the PKK was also  
responsible for several small bombs that exploded in two Turkish resort  
towns on the Mediterranean coast, killing a British woman and injuring  
at least 10 other tourists. In the latest in a series of kidnappings of  
foreign travelers, the PKK abducted two Finnish tourists on 8 August and  
released them unharmed three weeks later. The PKK also attacked  
government and commercial targets in major Turkish cities, presenting an  
incidental risk to foreign visitors, as well as Turks. PKK terrorist  
attacks on Turkish citizens, including ethnic Kurds, continued unabated.

The PKK continued to expand its activities in Western Europe, where its  
members clashed with police frequently throughout the year. For the  
first time, the PKK also directly targeted Western interests in Europe.  
It blocked highways in Germany with burning tires in March and conducted  
demonstrations in a number of German cities, some of which turned into  
violent confrontations with the police. After German police killed a  
Kurdish youth in Hannover, the PKK organized protests and sit-ins at the  
German Embassy in Athens and a German Consulate in Denmark. The PKK also  
mounted demonstrations in several West European countries after British  
immigration authorities detained Kani Yilmaz, the senior PKK leader in  
Europe, in October. The PKK also opened offices of its political wing  
(ERNK) in Italy and Greece.

The Marxist/Leninist terrorist group Dev Sol (Devrimci Sol), or  
Revolutionary Left, remained a threat to US interests and personnel in  
Turkey, despite a series of setbacks the group has suffered over the  
last two years. Dev Sol's two factions were largely inactive last year  
as they continued to battle each other and as the Turkish police  
arrested numerous operatives. Some members of the group sprang into  
action after French authorities arrested Dursun Karatas, the head of the  
major Dev Sol faction, on 9 September as he tried to enter France from  
Italy on falsified documents. Over the next several weeks, Dev Sol  
supporters protested in Austria, Belgium, and the Netherlands demanding  
Karatas' release. Dev Sol operatives in Turkey assassinated former  
Justice Minister Mehmet Topac on 29 September in Ankara and also killed  
a policeman in Istanbul.

Several groups of loosely organized Turkish Islamic extremists, who  
advocate an Islamic government for Turkey, attacked targets associated  
with the Turkish secular state. They claimed attacks under a variety of  
names, such as Islamic Jihad, the Islamic Movement Organization, and the  
Islamic Great Eastern Raiders Front. The Islamic extremists also pursue  
a strong anti-Western agenda. In May 1994, Islamic terrorists claimed  
responsibility for bombing the Ankara branch of the Freemason  
organization. In September, a Turkish political scientist known for his  
secular writings escaped death when a car bomb planted by Islamic  
extremists failed to explode.

United Kingdom

The Provisional Irish Republican Army (PIRA) announced a "complete  
cessation of military operations" beginning on 1 September. Other  
Republican splinter groups in Northern Ireland also ceased attacks after  
that date, although most have not formally agreed to a cease-fire.  
PIRA's leadership denied authorizing the use of firearms in a robbery on  
10 November carried out by a lower-level unit in Newry that resulted in  
the death of a postal worker. The Combined Military Loyalist Command, an  
umbrella group comprising three loyalist paramilitary groups, announced  
its own cease-fire beginning 14 October.

Both Loyalists and Republicans carried out a number of international and  
domestic terrorist attacks before the cease-fire. Loyalists carried out  
several attacks in the Republic of Ireland, including a lethal attack in  
May on a Dublin pub during a Sinn Fein fundraiser. In March three  
separate attacks by PIRA on Heathrow International Airport in London  
failed when the mortar rounds used did not detonate.

On 26 October, British authorities arrested Faysal Dunlayici, a.k.a.  
Kani Yilmaz, a high-ranking leader of the PKK based in Europe. The  
arrest sparked protests from PKK supporters in the United Kingdom, and  
Germany and Turkey have requested his extradition.

On 26 July, a bomb contained in a car exploded outside the Israeli  
Chancery in London at approximately noon causing substantial structural  
damage and injuring 14 persons. The car carrying the explosives was  
driven by a woman described as in her fifties and "Middle Eastern" in  
appearance. On 27 July, shortly after midnight, another bomb contained  
in a car exploded in north London outside Balfour House, a Jewish  
fundraising organization. This bomb caused some structural damage to the  
building but resulted in limited casualties, primarily because of the  
time it was detonated. Five passers-by were injured by the blast.

Former Yugoslavia

Ethnic conflict and endemic violence plagued the former Yugoslavia for a  
third year, although in 1994 the fighting was largely restricted to  
Bosnia and Herzegovina. Meanwhile, a Bosnian Muslim, claiming that he  
wanted to focus world attention on the plight of his kinsmen, hijacked  
an SAS airliner during a domestic flight in Norway on 3 November. He  
surrendered peacefully to Norwegian authorities after landing in Oslo.  
This was the first such incident on behalf of one of the warring  
factions of the former Yugoslavia.

Latin American Overview

Latin America continued to have a high level of international terrorist  
activity, although the number of attacks decreased by 40 percent from  
the previous year to 58 attacks.

In July, an attack on the Argentine-Israeli Mutual Association (AMIA) in  
Buenos Aires killed nearly 100 persons and injured more than 200. The  
leading suspect in this incident is Hizballah. Twenty-one persons, of  
whom 12 were Jewish, were killed when a Panamanian commuter aircraft was  
bombed in July, apparently by a suicide bomber. These attacks raised  
concerns about the reported presence of members of Hizballah in Latin  
America, especially in the triborder area where Brazilian, Argentine,  
and Paraguayan territories meet.

Colombia continued to suffer the highest incidence of terrorist violence  
in the region. Guerrillas attacked the democratic process by attempting  
to sabotage Colombia's 1994 presidential, congressional, and  
departmental elections. Rebel organizations also targeted petroleum  
companies and infiltrated trade unions, particularly in the banana and  
petroleum industries, intimidating rank-and-file union members. US  
business interests and Mormon missionaries were attacked by guerrillas,  
and nine US citizens were being held hostage by guerrillas at the end of  
the year. Six of these were US missionaries. Kidnapping continued as a  
major source of income for the Colombian guerrillas.

Guerrillas in the region continued to attack national interests causing  
damage to local economies particularly in Colombia, Peru, and Guatemala.  
In the Andean Region, the connection between guerrilla groups and narco-
traffickers remained strong. Guerrillas forced coca and amapola  
cultivators to pay protection money and attacked government efforts to  
reduce production.

Terrorist violence decreased in Peru during the year. The Sendero  
Luminoso (Shining Path) assassinated 150 persons, down from 516 the  
previous year when its leader was imprisoned. Various Peruvian terrorist  
groups suffered setbacks due to arrests, casualties, and defections  
under the government's amnesty program. Government actions in Chile also  
resulted in a decline of terrorist violence.

In reaction to the terrorist violence in the region, the heads of state  
of the Western Hemisphere nations adopted a plan of action against  
terrorism at the December Summit of the Americas. The plan called for  
cooperation among nations in combating terrorism and for the prosecution  
of terrorists while protecting human rights. The nations of the  
hemisphere also agreed to convene a special OAS conference on the  
prevention of terrorism and reaffirmed the importance of extradition  
treaties in combating terrorism.

Argentina

Argentina suffered the worst terrorist attack perpetrated in Latin  
America during 1994. On 18 July, a suicide bomber detonated a vehicle  
loaded with explosives in front of the AMIA. The powerful bombing killed  
nearly 100 people, many of whom were crushed by the collapsing building.  
The bombing of Argentina's main Jewish center was operationally similar  
to the 1992 bombing directed against the Israeli Embassy in Buenos  
Aires, which left 29 persons dead and destroyed the building. The  
Islamic Jihad organization, an arm of the Lebanese Hizballah, claimed  
responsibility for the 1992 bombing. According to media reports, an  
organization using the name Ansar Allah, or Followers of God, issued a  
statement expressing support for the 1994 operation. The Argentine  
Government dedicated substantial resources to investigate the bombing,  
but the crime remained unsolved at yearend.

Chile

Politically motivated violence in Chile declined dramatically in 1994 as  
Chilean security forces reined in the nation's terrorist groups. In  
June, the government all but eliminated the Lautaro terrorist  
organization by capturing its founder and leader, Guillermo Ossandon,  
one of the most wanted outlaws in Chile. A second round of arrests was  
made against second-tier Lautaro leaders in August. Two prominent  
members of the Manuel Rodriguez Patriotic Front (FPMR) voluntarily  
returned from exile to Chile and were arrested by police. One of them,  
Sergio Buschmanwwanted for his role in directing a multiton shipment of  
Cuban-supplied weapons into Chile in 1986whad escaped from a Chilean  
prison in 1987 and lived several years in Nicaragua.

Colombia

Colombia's two main guerrilla groupswthe Revolutionary Armed Forces of  
Colombia (FARC) and the National Liberation Army (ELN)wintensified  
political violence during 1994, particularly preceding presidential,  
congressional, and municipal elections. In part to intimidate  
politicians and government officials, the insurgents conducted dozens of  
bombings, kidnappings of candidates, and assassinations of local  
officials and members of the security forces. In July, the FARC  
assassinated an Army general, the highest ranking Army casualty in two  
decades.

While the vast majority of the violence in the nation was directed  
against local targets, Colombia was the location of 41 international  
terrorist attacks in 1994, the highest in the region. Oil pipelines  
owned jointly by the Government of Colombia and Western companies  
continued to be bombed by the rebels, but at a slower pace than in 1993.  
US interests sustained several terrorist attacks during the year, more  
than in any other Latin American country. For instance, suspected ELN  
rebels bombed a Coca-Cola plant in January, and FARC and ELN guerrillas  
attacked at least five Mormon churches during the year. The rebels also  
conducted a series of kidnappings of US citizens; the FARC is suspected  
of kidnapping at least five US citizens in 1994. At yearend, both rebel  
groups held hostage as many as nine Americans, six of whom are US  
missionaries. This appears to be the largest number of Americans held in  
Colombia at any one time.

In 1994 there were 1,378 reported kidnappings, a 35-percent increase  
from 1993. This figure, however, is considered low because many families  
deal with the kidnappers directly without reporting the crime. It is  
estimated that 50 percent of these recorded instances were by guerrillas  
who rely on the ransom payments to finance their activities.

In November, after only a few months in office, President Ernesto Samper  
announced his administration's willingness to negotiate with the  
nation's violent guerrilla organizations, emphasizing that the  
insurgents need to demonstrate a genuine desire for reaching a  
negotiated settlement. Unlike his predecessor, the President did not  
condition negotiations on a rebel cease-fire. While both the FARC and  
ELN have characterized the government's proposal as positive, government  
officials cautioned against expectations that negotiations would begin  
soon.

The government is also exposing further links between the guerrillas and  
narcotraffickers. Various guerrilla fronts, particularly in southeastern  
Colombia, provide security and other services for different narcotics  
trafficking organizations.

Ecuador

The only significant act of domestic terrorism in 1994 was the  
dynamiting of a power transmission tower in May by a group known as the  
Red Sun, which led to the rapid apprehension of the group's leadership.  
The group was disbanded following the arrest of its leaders.

[INSET]

HAMAS Attacks

Operations by the Islamic Resistance Movement (HAMAS) against Israelis  
in the occupied territories and inside Israel have increased in number  
and lethality. While most of these incidents, which are aimed at the  
peace process, do not qualify as "international terrorism" and as such  
do not appear in the statistics in the appendix of this book, they are a  
very disturbing trend.

HAMAS attacks killed 55 Israelis and wounded more than 130 in 1994,  
resulting in the highest number of Israeli casualties inside Israel  
since the intifadah began in 1987:

--  Car bomb attacks in April on commuter buses in Afula and a bus  
station in Hadera killed 14 and wounded approximately 75. A bomb on a  
commuter bus in downtown Tel Aviv in October during the early morning  
commuter hours killed 22 and wounded at least 48, and a 25 December bomb  
attack on an Israeli Defense Force (IDF) bus in Jerusalem wounded 12.

--  HAMAS militants conducted other high-profile attacks that did not  
involve bombs: a shooting on a busy tourist street in Jerusalemwa few  
blocks from the King David Hotel where Secretary of State Warren  
Christopher was stayingwthat killed two and wounded 14, and the  
kidnapping of IDF Corporal Nachshon Wachsman on the same day. After  
intense security sweeps by the Israelis and the Palestinian Authority,  
the kidnappers' hideout was eventually discovered and a rescue attempted  
on 14 October. During the attempt, Wachsman, another IDF soldier, and  
three HAMAS personnel were killed. Wachsman held dual US-Israeli  
citizenship.

--  The Movement kept up a steady drumbeat of small-scale attacks during  
1994. According to press reports, HAMAS members killed at least 13 IDF  
soldiers and settlers in small-scale knife attacks, shootings, and at  
least one ax murder of a female IDF soldier.

HAMAS attacks would have killed even more Israelis during the past year,  
but several miscarried. According to press reports, at least two HAMAS  
car bombs exploded prematurely, killing only the bombers. In the 25  
December attack, the IDF's bus driver in Jerusalem did not allow the  
bomber to enter the bus. The bomber detonated the device on the street,  
killing himself but no passengers, although 12 were injured.

[END INSET]  (###)


Guatemala

Despite on-again/off-again peace talks, Guatemala's34-year-old  
insurgency continues. There are three major armed guerrilla groupswthe  
FAR (Revolutionary Armed Forces), the ORPA (Revolutionary Organization  
of the People in Arms), and the EGP (Guerrilla Army of the Poor). These  
groups, along with the Communist PGT (Guatemalan Workers' Party), are  
allied in the URNG (Guatemalan National Revolutionary Union).

Panama

On 19 July a bomb aboard a commuter plane flying between Colon and  
Panama City detonated, killing all 21 persons aboard, including three  
American citizens. Twelve of the passengers were Jews. According to  
media reports, an organization using the name Ansar Allah, or Followers  
of God, issued a statement expressing support for the bombing, which  
appeared to be a suicide operation by a person with a Middle Eastern  
name. Panama has made no arrests in connection with the bombing, but it  
is cooperating closely with a US law enforcement investigation.

At yearend, Panamanian authorities had outstanding arrest warrants for  
two of the three individuals sought for questioning in connection with  
the 1992 murder of US Army Corporal Zak Hernandez. On 23 September,  
Panamanian President Ernesto Perez Balladares granted amnesties to 216  
individuals, including six former Panamanian Defense Force personnel  
linked to the 1989 kidnapping, torture, and murder of American citizen  
Raymond Dragseth during Operation Just Cause.

Peru

Political violence and the number of international terrorist incidents  
in Peru declined in 1994. Both of Peru's terrorist organizationswSendero  
Luminoso (Shining Path) and the Tupac Amaru Revolutionary Movement  
(MRTA)wsuffered serious reversals during the year, including numerous  
arrests, casualties, and defections under the government's amnesty  
program for terrorists, which was phased out in November. The MRTA, the  
smaller of the two groups, was hit hard by the government's  
counterterrorism effort and is virtually defunct.

Two years after the capture of Abimael Guzman, Sendero Luminoso's  
founder and leader, the Maoist terrorist group is struggling, attempting  
to rebuild and resolve its leadership problems. Guzman's 1993 peace  
offer continued to divide the organization between Sendero militants in  
favor of continuing the armed struggle and those preferring to adhere to  
their jailed leader's proposal. Consequently, recruitment of new cadres  
has been hindered. Moreover, during the past two years Sendero's  
financial lifelinewthe narcotics industry in the coca-rich Upper  
Huallaga Valley (UHV)wwas disrupted, largely because of a coca plant  
fungus in UHV and a more active government counternarcotics policy.

The Fujimori government continued to maintain its momentum against  
Sendero in 1994. Peruvian police detained two Sendero Central Committee  
members operating in Lima, weakening the group's urban infrastructure  
and a planned terrorism campaign to commemorate a revered Sendero  
anniversary in June. The arrests further exacerbated logistic and  
financial problems in the organization. One of the detainees, Moises  
Limaco, was one of the most senior Sendero leaders reportedly  
responsible for coordinating logistics and personnel.

Despite these setbacks, Sendero proved it can still inflict serious  
damage. During 1994, Sendero murdered more than 150 Peruvians, down from  
516 in 1993. In February, suspected Sendero militants detonated an 80-
kilogram car bomb against the Air Force headquarters building in central  
Lima, killing two persons. In October, the group destroyed six  
electrical towers, cutting off power temporarily in nearly all of Lima,  
much of the Peruvian coast, and part of the Sierra highlands.

Uruguay

Three suspected members of the Basque separatist movement ETA were  
extradited to Spain in August by the Uruguayan Supreme Court. President  
Luis Alberto Lacalle's refusal to grant political asylum for the three  
prompted death threats against Uruguayan diplomats in Spain. Riots  
outside the hospital where the hunger strikers were held on the day of  
their extradition resulted in one death, 90 injuries, and 28 arrests.

Middle Eastern Overview

Terrorist violence in the Middle East continued at a high level in 1994.  
Extremist Muslim groups, such as the Islamic Resistance Movement (HAMAS)  
and Palestinian Islamic Jihad (PIJ), demonstrated an increasingly deadly  
and sophisticated capability to mount terrorist attacks aimed at  
destroying the Middle East peace process. In Algeria, a brutal internal  
conflict escalated, posing new threats to the foreign community and the  
safety of civil aviation.

In Israel and the occupied territories, the peace process came under  
sustained attack by militants determined to derail the negotiations  
between the Palestinian Authority (PA) and the Government of Israel.  
Both HAMAS and the PIJ increased their activities within Israel, in the  
process demonstrating an improved ability to mount more sophisticated  
and deadly attacks. In the worst such incident during the year, the  
military wing of HAMAS, the Izz el-Din al-Qassam Brigades, claimed  
responsibility for the 19 October suicide bombing of a commuter bus in  
the heart of downtown Tel Aviv that killed 22 Israelis. PIJ also claimed  
numerous attacks on Israelis, including the 11 November suicide bombing  
at Netzarim junction in Gaza that killed three Israeli soldiers. The  
Chairman of the PA, Yasir Arafat, condemned these attacks and took some  
steps to counter anti-Israeli terrorism. PA security cooperation with  
Israeli authorities was generally close, as demonstrated by the  
substantial assistance provided by Palestinian security authorities to  
Israel during the hunt for a kidnapped Israeli Army corporal in October.  
Nevertheless, Israeli officials called for a more effective crackdown by  
the PA on Palestinian terrorist elements. Violent Jewish opposition to  
the peace process also occurred; in March, the Israeli Government banned  
the extremist Kach and Kahane Chai groups as terrorist organizations  
after a Kach member murdered 29 Palestinian worshippers in a Hebron  
mosque in February.

The security situation in Algeria continued to deteriorate as the Armed  
Islamic Group (AIG) stepped up attacks against the Algerian regime and  
civilians. Foreigners resident in Algeria were key targets as well; 63  
were killed during 1994 by AIG forces. A French Consulate employee was  
slain in January, and in August an attempt was made to explode a car  
bomb at a French diplomatic housing compound. The AIG employed an  
ominous new tactic in December, when AIG militants hijacked an Air  
France jet at Algiers airport, killing a French Embassy cook and a  
Vietnamese diplomat in the process. Efforts by the major Islamist and  
non-Islamist opposition parties to establish a political dialogue with  
the regime were unsuccessful, increasing the likelihood of intensified  
political violence.

In Egypt, the security services scored numerous successes against  
militants seeking to overthrow the government and establish an Islamic  
state. Intensified counterterrorism efforts, improved police work, and  
the death of an important Islamic Group (IG) leader in a police raid in  
April helped disrupt IG activities and stem the tide of antiforeigner  
attacks, which killed five tourists in 1994. IG threats against the UN-
sponsored International Conference on Population and Development did not  
result in any security incidents, most likely due to the efforts of  
Egyptian security authorities and a still disorganized IG. The IG does,  
however, retain the capacity to attack foreign targets and disrupt the  
tourism industry, as evidenced by shooting assaults in September and  
October that killed three foreigners and three Egyptians.

Jordanian authorities continued in 1994 to maintain a tight grip on the  
internal security situation. Dozens of individuals were arrested in  
terrorism-related cases during the year, including 20 persons suspected  
of involvement in a series of bombings and other planned terrorist  
incidents. Jordan and Israel signed a full treaty of peace on 26 October  
1994. Under the terms of the treaty, Jordan and Israel are committed to  
cooperation in combating terrorism of all kinds. However, HAMAS and  
other Palestinian extremists continue to maintain a presence in Amman.

Security conditions in Lebanon improved during 1994 as the government  
continued to take steps to extend its authority and reestablish the rule  
of law. In January, the government promptly arrested and prosecuted  
persons associated with the ANO and who assassinated a Jordanian  
diplomat. In April a prominent Iraqi expatriate oppositionist residing  
in Beirut was assassinated. The Government of Lebanon stated that it had  
firm evidence linking the killing to the Government of Iraq, arrested  
two Iraqi diplomats in connection with the incident, and broke  
diplomatic relations with Iraq. In March, the government banned armed  
demonstrations after a public celebration by the militant organization  
Hizballah. The government also put on trial former Lebanese Forces  
warlord Samir Ja'ja on charges of domestic terrorism and announced that  
the investigation into the 1983 bombings of the US and French  
peacekeepers' barracks would be "revived." However, significant threats  
to the safety of foreigners remained. Hizballah publicly threatened  
American interests and continued to operate with impunity in areas of  
Lebanon not controlled by the central government, including the south,  
the Biq'a Valley, and Beirut's southern suburbs. Numerous Palestinian  
groups with a history of terrorist violence maintain a presence in  
Lebanon; these include the Popular Front for the Liberation of  
PalestinevGeneral Command and the ANO.

Moroccan authorities, alarmed by an attack on a hotel in Marrakech in  
August that killed two Spanish tourists, sought evidence that the  
incident was linked to other assaults in the country. Allegations  
surfaced that these attacks were politically related to the crisis in  
Algeria. Criminal motivations, however, are another strong possibility,  
and the August attack was not followed by other such incidents as of the  
end of the year.

Algeria

The overall security situation deteriorated even further in 1994 as  
violence intensified throughout the country, affecting Algerians from  
all walks of life. Although Islamic extremists remained highly  
fractionalized, most of the violence was focused against regime and  
military targets. The extremist AIG waged a bloody war against Algerian  
civilians. The AIG also targeted foreigners, with 63 killed in 1994.

The influence of the Islamic Salvation Front (FIS) over the extremist  
elements appeared to slip even further in 1994 as most of the group's  
leaders remained in prison. In September the government released into  
house arrest FIS president Abassi Madani and vice president Ali Belhadj.  
The overall level of violence on all sides nonetheless increased.

The extremist AIG instead intensified its attacks against Algerian  
civilians, including journalists, unveiled women and girls, the  
intelligentsia, and anyone it accused of "cooperating" with the regime.  
The group often used tactics such as beheading and throat-slitting.  
Attacks against foreigners also increased markedly since the AIG began  
its antiforeigner campaign in September 1993. On 15 January a French  
Consulate employee was murdered; the campaign against French residents  
in Algeria reached a peak with the 3 August attack on a French diplomat  
housing compound where extremists attempted to detonate a car laden with  
explosives.

Other examples of attacks against foreigners included the 8 May murders  
of two French priests, the 11 July attack against five foreigners on  
their way to work at a state-owned oil site, the one-week hostage  
holding of the Omani and Yemeni Ambassadors, and the 18 October  
execution of two Schlumberger employees at a Sonatrach oil site. The  
AIG's attacks against foreigners grew more sophisticated throughout  
1994, and the group's operations demonstrated a significant level of  
coordination in some cases. While the AIG was responsible for most of  
the attacks against foreigners in 1994, there are many extremist cells  
operating in Algeria that do not fall under a central authority that may  
also be responsible for such attacks.

On 24 December, members of the AIG hijacked an Air France flight in  
Algeria. The plane arrived in Marseille, France, on 26 December. A  
French antiterrorist unit stormed the plane, ending the 54-hour siege in  
which three hostages were killed by the terrorists. All four terrorists  
were killed during the rescue.

Despite the Algerian regime's "carrot and stick" approach, the security  
situation at the end of 1994 remained grim. Efforts by the major  
Islamist and non-Islamist opposition parties to establish a political  
dialogue with the regime were unsuccessful; at no point during these  
efforts did the military halt its campaign against the Islamists.  
President Zeroual announced in November 1994 that presidential elections  
would take place by the end of 1995 but left open the question of who  
would be allowed to participate. The major opposition parties denounced  
the election proposal. Continued bloodshed appeared to be the most  
likely scenario for the beginning of 1995.

Egypt

The pace of attacks by Islamic extremists on tourist sites in Egypt fell  
off somewhat during 1994. Five foreign tourists were killed in separate  
attacks, and more than 20 Egyptian civilians were killed in various  
attacks throughout Egypt in 1994. Egypt's tourism industry, which had  
suffered greatly from the sustained 1993 campaign of attacks against  
tourist sites, began to recover somewhat in 1994 as the Egyptian  
Government made some successful gains in stemming the attacks.

Most attacks against Egyptian official and civilian targets, and against  
foreign tourists, were claimed by the extremist Islamic Group (IG). The  
IG seeks the violent overthrow of the Egyptian Government and began  
attacking tourist targets in 1992. The IG considers Sheikh Omar Abdel  
Rahman its "spiritual" leader; at yearend, he awaited trial in the  
United States on charges related to the conspiracy to attack various New  
York City landmarks and the United Nations.

In February, the IG initiated a limited bombing campaign against Western  
banks in the Cairo area. Over two months, seven banks were bombed, and  
an additional four bombs planted at other banks were defused. Injuries  
were limited, and only one of the banks suffered major damage.  
Nonetheless, the bank bombing campaign represented an extension of the  
IG's antiforeigner attacks, and it coincided with another IG campaign of  
attacks against trains in Assiut, upper Egypt. Eight tourists were  
injured in February in a series of shooting attacks against trains  
running in that province. The bank bombings ended in March with the  
arrests of the alleged perpetrators.

In April, Egypt stepped up its counterterrorism efforts, focusing  
particularly on the Cairo area. An important IG leader was killed during  
a police raid, which appeared to disrupt the organization of the group.  
There was a significant drop in the number of violent incidents from  
April through August throughout Egypt, but particularly in Cairo. This  
was accomplished by more effective police work, enhanced security in the  
troubled Assiut Province, and perhaps a dropoff in recruitment levels of  
extremists.

In August, the IG attacked a tourist bus in upper Egypt, killing one  
Spanish tourist and warning foreigners not to come to Egypt for the  
International Conference on Population and Development (ICPD). The UN-
sponsored ICPD was held in September in Cairo; no incidents occurred in  
Cairo during the conference, probably due in part to greatly enhanced  
security and a still disorganized IG.

The IG continued to pose a limited threat to foreigners in Egypt at the  
close of 1994, as a September shooting attack on a market street in the  
Red Sea resort area of Hurghada resulted in the death of one German  
tourist and two Egyptians. In the fall, the IG appeared to shift the  
venue of its attacks to the upper Egyptian Provinces of Minya and Qena.  
An October attack on a minibus traveling in upper Egypt, which led to  
the death of a British tourist, demonstrated that the IG retained the  
capability to inflict injuries and damage the tourism industry.

Israel and the Occupied Territories

Terrorist attacks and violence instigated by Palestinians continued at a  
high level in 1994. Seventy-three Israeli soldiers and civilians were  
killed and more than 100 wounded in 1994, up slightly from 1993. There  
was a significant increase in the number of Israelis killed inside  
Israelwas compared with only 14 in 1993.

The Islamic Resistance Movement (HAMAS) killed roughly 55 Israelis and  
wounded more than 150 in 1994 as part of a terror campaign to derail the  
peace process. HAMAS's armed wing, the Izz el-Din al-Qassam, claimed  
responsibility for the April bombings of buses in Afula and Hadera,  
which together killed 14 Israelis and wounded nearly 75. In October, al-
Qassam launched three high-profile attacks on Israelis: the 9 October  
shooting of people on the streets of Jerusalem, which left two dead; the  
kidnapping of Israel Defense Force Corporal Nachshon Wachsman, which  
resulted in the killing of Wachsman and one other Israeli soldier; and  
the bombing of a commuter bus in Tel Aviv, which killed 22. HAMAS  
spokesmen announced that these attacks were part of the group's policy  
of jihad against the "Israeli occupation of all of Palestine" and  
retaliation for the Hebron Massacre.

Other Palestinian groups that reject the Gaza-Jericho accord and the  
peace process also attacked Israelis. Palestinian Islamic Jihad (PIJ)v
Shiqaqi faction claimed responsibility for a suicide bomber who attacked  
an Israeli patrol in Gaza in November killing three Israeli soldiers.  
PIJ claimed at least 18 other attacks on Israelis, including a shooting  
on a commuter bus stop on 7 April that killed two in Ashdod, south of  
Tel Aviv. The Democratic Front for the Liberation of Palestine and the  
Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine claimed responsibility for  
several attacks on Israeli settlers and soldiers.

Yasir Arafat, Chairman of the Palestinian Authority (PA), tried to rein  
in Palestinian violence against Israel in 1994. The PA police force took  
some steps to curtail anti-Israeli attacks, including several mass  
detentions and a strong effort to find where Corporal Wachsman was  
detained by HAMAS. Arafat and other senior PA officials condemned acts  
of terrorism by HAMAS and the PIJ, but did not do so when individuals  
associated with the Fatah Hawks, nominally aligned with Arafat's Fatah  
organization, were responsible for a few attacks in early 1994. Israeli  
officials urged the PA to take tougher measures against terrorists.

Intra-Palestinian violence has increased since the implementation of the  
Gaza-Jericho accord began on 4 May. On 18 November, 13 Palestinians were  
killed and more than 150 wounded when Palestinian Police clashed with  
HAMAS and PIJ supporters who were planning to demonstrate in Gaza. This  
incident followed several protests by weapons-bearing Islamists in the  
weeks following the HAMAS kidnapping of Corporal Wachsman and the PA's  
mass roundup of HAMAS supporters. In 1994, Fatah Hawks and HAMAS killed  
at least 20 Palestinians whom the extremists labeled as collaborators.

The Israeli Cabinet outlawed the Jewish extremist groups Kach and Kahane  
Chai in March, declaring them to be terrorist organizations after Baruch  
Goldstein, who was a Kach member, attacked Palestinian worshippers at  
Hebron's al-Ibrahimi Mosque in February, killing 29 persons and wounding  
more than 200. Neither Kach nor Kahane Chai assisted or directed  
Goldstein in his attack, but both organizations vocally supported him.  
The leading figures of these groups were arrested and held in Israeli  
prisons on charges of calling for attacks on Palestinians and Israeli  
Government officials. In September, Shin Bet arrested 11 Jewish  
extremists who were planning terrorist attacks against Palestinians.

Israel's intense border security appeared effectively to prevent  
infiltrations from Syria, Lebanon, and Jordan. In March, a team of four  
DFLP terrorists was intercepted by Israel Defense Force troops. Katyusha  
rocket attacks from southern Lebanon into northern Israel by Hizballah  
and Palestinian rejectionist groups decreased in 1994, and no Israelis  
were killed in the attacks. Hizballah guerrillas, often in response to  
Israeli attacks on a Lebanese village, fired Katyusha rockets on four  
occasions from January to July 1994 and launched several Katyushas in  
October hours before the signing of the Jordanian-Israeli peace accord  
attended by President Clinton.

Jordan

Jordanian security and police closely monitor extremists inside the  
country and detain individuals suspected of involvement in violent acts  
aimed at destabilizing the government or undermining its relations with  
neighboring states. Jordan maintains tight security along its border  
with Israel and has interdicted individuals attempting to infiltrate  
into Israel. On 26 October 1994 Jordan and Israel signed a full treaty  
of peace that commits the two parties to cooperation in a variety of  
areas, including combating terrorism. In 1994 two new international  
border crossing points were established between Jordan and Israel.

Jordanian authorities arrested dozens of people in terrorism-related  
cases during 1994. On 20 February, authorities arrested 30 persons in  
Amman, including 15 suspected members of the ANO. The arrests reportedly  
occurred in connection with the assassination of a Jordanian diplomat in  
January in Beirut by the ANO. In 1994, 25 Islamists (referred to as the  
"Arab Afghans") were arrested and tried for planning to overthrow the  
government, assassinate prominent Jordanians, and attack public and  
private institutions. The State Security Court handed down verdicts on  
21 December and sentenced 11 defendants to death, sentenced seven to  
various prison terms with hard labor, and acquitted the remaining  
defendants of all charges. Two individuals were also arrested for  
stabbing tourists in downtown Amman on 27 February, two days after the  
massacre of Palestinian worshippers on the West Bank by a Jewish  
extremist.

A variety of Palestinian rejectionist groups have offices in Jordan,  
including the PFLP, PFLP-GC, DFLP, PIJ, and HAMAS. In April, King  
Hussein announced that HAMAS was an "illegal" organization in Jordan.  
After the King's announcement, HAMAS spokespersons in Jordan were more  
circumspect in their statements and often issued statements from other  
locations.

Lebanon

The security situation in Lebanon continued to improve during 1994 as  
Beirut endeavored to reestablish its authority and rebuild the country  
in the wake of the devastating 16-year civil war. Although the Lebanese  
Government has made some moves to limit the autonomy of individuals and  
powerful groupswspecifically Hizballahwthere are still considerable  
areas of relative lawlessness throughout Lebanon. Beirut and its  
environs are safer for some non-Lebanese now than as recently as a year  
ago, but the Bekaa Valley and other Hizballah strongholds are  
considerably more dangerous than the capital, especially for Westerners,  
who are still subject to attacks. In June, for example, a German citizen  
was the victim of an apparent kidnapping attempt perpetrated by  
Hizballah in Ba'labakk. The would-be victim's assailants fled after  
passers-by noticed the commotion. There is credible evidence that  
Hizballah continues its surveillance of Americans; Hizballah also  
continues to issue public threats against American interests.

Hizballah has yet to be disarmed, but Beirut is making efforts to  
restrict activities by the group that challenge the government's  
authority. For example, the government banned armed demonstrations after  
Hizballah's celebration of Martyr's Day in the Bekaa Valley in March and  
issued arrest warrants for participants who were brandishing weapons  
during the march. In February when Hizballah, without reference to the  
state authority, tried and executed a teenager in Ba'labakk accused of  
murder, prominent members of Parliament publicly admonished the group  
and said such acts by nongovernmental organizations should not be  
tolerated. However, neither the judiciary nor law enforcement agencies  
made any effort to interfere in or investigate the affair.

The Lebanese Government took judicial steps during 1994 to signal that  
violence is not an acceptable means for achieving domestic political  
change. In January, the government promptly arrested and prosecuted  
persons associated with the ANO and who assassinated a Jordanian  
diplomat.

On 12 April, a prominent Iraqi expatriate oppositionist residing in  
Beirut was assassinated. The Government of Lebanon stated that it had  
firm evidence linking the killing to the Government of Iraq and arrested  
two Iraqi diplomats in connection with the incident. Lebanon  
subsequently broke diplomatic relations with Iraq.

In July a Lebanese criminal court refused to convict two defendants in  
the 1976 killings of the US Ambassador, Francis Meloy, and the economic  
counselor, Robert Waring. The Lebanese Court of Cassation agreed to  
order a retrial after intervention by the government's prosecutor  
general. The trial is set to begin in March 1995.

Lebanese authorities arrested Lebanese Forces Leader Samir Ja'ja on  
charges of domestic terrorismwincluding the bombing of a Maronite church  
in Zuk in February that killed 11 persons and wounded 59. His trial was  
ongoing as of the end of the year. In November, the government suggested  
it would "revive" the investigation into the 1983 bombings of the US and  
French Marine barracks. Although viewed by some as a message to  
Hizballah of government intention to reassert authority, the government  
has not yet followed its announcement with concrete action. In December  
the government accepted an invitation from the US Government to send an  
official delegation to Washington to discuss means to improve the  
security situation in Lebanon.

Morocco

On 24 August two Spanish tourists were killed when gunmen opened fire at  
the Atlas Asni hotel in Marrakech during an apparent robbery attempt.  
After initial investigations, Moroccan officials linked the hotel attack  
to other assaults throughout Morocco, including the attempted robberies  
of a bank and a McDonald's restaurant in 1993. Nine suspects were  
arrested, and Moroccan authorities claimed to have discovered an arms  
cache hidden by the group.

There have been allegations that Islamic extremists related to the  
Algerian militant movement were behind the Marrakech incident. But some  
Moroccan officials have also claimed that members of the Algerian  
security services were behind the attack, hoping to foment instability  
in Morocco to take the international focus off the Algerian crisis. The  
real motives of the attackers remain unclear, and the incident could  
easily have been an ordinary criminal attack. As of 31 December, the  
Marrakech attack was not followed by similar incidents in Morocco.

State-Sponsored Terrorism Overview

The provision of funding, safehaven, and weapons and logistic support to  
terrorists by sovereign states is crucial to the operation of many  
international terrorist organizations. Such support continues in  
defiance of the international community's unequivocal condemnation of  
terrorism and those who support it. Recognizing the danger that such  
support represents, a primary aim of our counterterrorism policy has  
been to apply pressure to such states to stop that support and to make  
them pay the cost if they persist. We do this by publicly identifying  
state sponsors and by imposing economic, diplomatic, and sometimes  
military sanctions. Seven nations are designated as states that sponsor  
international terrorism: Cuba, Iran, Iraq, Libya, North Korea, Sudan,  
and Syria.

Cuba is no longer able to actively support armed struggle in Latin  
America and other parts of the world as the Castro regime has become  
preoccupied with its struggle for existence. Although there is no  
evidence of direct sponsorship of terrorist acts in 1994, Havana does  
provide safehaven for several international terrorists. Cuba has not  
renounced political support for groups that engage in international  
terrorism.

Iran is still the most active state sponsor of international terrorism.  
Iranian terrorist operations concentrate on Iranian dissidents living  
outside Iran. While Tehran has tried to moderate its public image in the  
West, Iran continues to use terrorism as ruthlessly as it did under  
Khomeini and supports groups, such as Hizballah, that pose a threat to  
Americans. In December, a French court handed down a decision in the  
trial of three Iranians accused of participating in the 1991 murder of  
former Iranian Prime Minister Bakhtiar and an assistant. One was  
sentenced to life and one to 10 years in prison, while the third, an  
employee of the Iranian Embassy in Bern, was acquitted. Iran remains  
committed to carrying out the death sentence imposed on British author  
Salman Rushdie. Iran's main client, Hizballah, could well have been  
responsible for the 18 July bombing of the Argentine-Israel Mutual  
Association (AMIA) that left nearly 100 persons dead. Iran supports many  
other radical organizations that have resorted to terrorism, such as the  
Palestinian Islamic Jihad (PIJ), HAMAS, and the Popular Front for the  
Liberation of PalestinevGeneral Command (PFLP-GC).

Throughout 1994 Iraq remained out of compliance with UN Security Council  
resolutions, including those requiring it to renounce terrorism. Iraq  
continued its terrorist attacks against political dissidents, both at  
home and abroad. It also continued its terrorist war of attrition aimed  
at driving UN and other foreign aid agencies out of northern Iraq and  
depriving the Kurdish population of relief supplies. There were at least  
17 attacks against UN and international relief personnel reported in  
1994. Iraq continues to provide safehaven and training facilities for  
several terrorist organizations, including Abu Abbas' Palestine  
Liberation Front (PLF), the ANO, and the Arab Liberation Front (ALF). In  
June, a Kuwaiti court rendered verdicts in the trial of the 14  
individuals accused of participating in the plot to assassinate former  
President Bush during his April 1993 visit to Kuwait.

Libya continued to defy the demands of UN Security Council resolutions  
adopted in response to Tripoli's involvement in the bombings of Pan Am  
Flight 103 and UTA Flight 772. The resolutions demand that Tripoli turn  
over the two Libyan intelligence agents suspected of carrying out the  
bombing plot for trial either in a US or UK court, pay compensation to  
the victims, cooperate in the ongoing investigation, and cease all  
support for terrorism. Available evidence suggests Libya was behind the  
disappearance of prominent Libyan dissident and human rights activist  
Mansour Kikhia from his hotel room in Egypt in December 1993. Leaders of  
terrorist groups HAMAS and the Palestinian Islamic Jihad (PIJ) publicly  
announced that Qadhafi had pledged to provide them with aid for the  
"Liberation of Palestine."

North Korea is not known to have sponsored any international terrorist  
attacks since 1987, when it conducted the midflight bombing of a KAL  
airliner. North Korea has publicly condemned terrorism but maintains  
contact with groups that practice terrorism and continues to provide  
sanctuary to Japanese Communist LeaguevRed Army Faction terrorists who  
hijacked a Japan Airlines flight to North Korea in 1970.

While there is no evidence that the Government of Sudan conducted or  
sponsored a specific act of terrorism in 1994, the regime provided  
safehaven and support for members of several international terrorist  
groups operating in Sudan. These include some of the world's most  
violent organizations: the ANO, the Lebanese Hizballah, HAMAS, the  
Palestinian Islamic Jihad (PIJ), and Egypt's Islamic Group. Some of  
Sudan's neighbors have complained that insurgents in North Africa have  
received training, funds, weapons, travel documents and indoctrination  
from Sudan. In December, Eritrea severed diplomatic relations with Sudan  
for its support for subversive activities and hostile acts. Sudan turned  
over the international terrorist Carlos to France in August, after  
offering him safehaven in Khartoum since late 1993. The regime has  
stated that the turnover was a one-time occurrence and would not affect  
other terrorists currently harbored in Sudan.

There is no evidence that Syrian officials have been directly involved  
in planning or executing terrorist attacks since 1986, but Syria  
continues to provide safehaven and support, inside Syria or in areas of  
Lebanon under Syrian control, for terrorist groups such as Ahmad  
Jibril's PFLP-GC, HAMAS, PIJ, the Japanese Red Army, and the Kurdistan  
Workers' Party (PKK). Syria also permits Iran to resupply Hizballah via  
Damascus. Nevertheless, Damascus continues to restrain the international  
activities of some of these groups.

Cuba

The Castro regime, which is preoccupied with its existence, is no longer  
able to support armed struggle actively in Latin America and other parts  
of the world. In years past, Havana provided significant levels of  
military training, weapons, funds, and guidance to leftist subversives.  
Currently, the regime's focus is largely on economic survival, and the  
government is attempting to upgrade diplomatic and trade relations  
within Latin America. Cuba's economy continued to deteriorate, and a  
large antiregime demonstration broke out for the first time in 1994.

Although there is no evidence that Cuban officials have been directly  
involved in sponsoring a specific act of terrorism during the past year,  
Havana did provide safehaven in 1994 to several terrorists in Cuba. A  
number of ETA Basque terrorists who sought sanctuary in Cuba several  
years ago continue to live on the island. Some of the more than 40  
Chilean terrorists from the Manuel Rodriguez Patriotic Front (FPMR) who  
escaped from a Chilean prison in 1990 also probably still reside in  
Cuba. Colombia's two main guerrilla groups, the Revolutionary Armed  
Forces of Colombia (FARC) and the National Liberation Army (ELN),  
reportedly maintain representatives in Havana.

Iran

Iran is still the most active state sponsor of international terrorism  
and continues to be directly involved in planning and executing  
terrorist acts. This year Tehran seems to have maintained its terrorist  
activities at the level of 1993, when there were four confirmed and two  
possible Iranian attacks on dissidents living outside Iran. Iranian  
terrorist operations concentrate on Iranian dissidents, particularly  
members of the Mojahedin-e Khalq (MEK) and the Kurdish Democratic Party  
of Iran (KDPI). Iran supports extremist Palestinian groups that have  
used terrorism to try to halt the Middle East peace process. Tehran also  
gives varying degrees of assistance to an assortment of radical Islamic  
and secular groups from North Africa to Central Asia.

While President Rafsanjani has tried to moderate Iran's public image to  
expand its economic and political ties to Western Europe and Japan, Iran  
continues to use terrorism as ruthlessly as it did under Khomeini.  
Tehran supports groups, such as its main client Hizballah, that pose a  
threat to Americans. Due to the continuing threat from Tehran and  
Hizballah, American diplomatic missions and personnel remain at risk.

Confirmed attacks on Iranian dissidents in the past year include the  
following: the 7 January killing of Taha Kirmeneh, a dissident who was a  
member of the Kurdish Democratic Party of Iran (KDPI), by gunmen in  
Coru, Turkey; the 10 January wounding of a member of the KDPI by a  
letter bomb in Stockholm, Sweden; the killing of a KDPI leader in  
Sulaymaniyah, Iraq, on 10 March; and the killing of two members of the  
Mojahedin-e Khalq (MEK) in Qabbiyah, Iraq, while driving to Baghdad on  
29 May. While the MEK has been victimized by Iranian terrorism, the  
group has itself employed terrorist tactics.

The 24 June murder of dissident Osman Muhammed Amini at his home in  
Copenhagen and the 12 November murder of dissident Ali Mohammed Assadi  
in Bucharest may also have been carried out at the Iranian Government's  
behest.

On 6 December, a French court handed down a decision in the trial of  
three Iranians accused of participating in the 1991 murder of former  
Iranian Prime Minister Bakhtiar and an assistant. One defendant received  
life imprisonment. A second, an Iranian radio correspondent who is  
reputed to be a nephew of the late Ayatollah Khomeini, was sentenced to  
10 years in jail. The third, an employee of the Iranian Embassy in Bern,  
was acquitted.

Iran remains committed to implementation of the death sentence imposed  
on British author Salman Rushdie. When speaking to Western audiences,  
Iranian leaders claim that the fatwa (or religious finding) against  
Rushdie is a religious matter that does not involve the Government of  
Iran.

However, the Iranian Government continued its propaganda campaign  
against Rushdie. In February, the fifth anniversary of the fatwa, Tehran  
Radio stated that "The least punishment for (Rushdie)7is7his execution."  
Ayatollah Hassan Sanei, the head of a quasi-governmental foundation that  
has offered a $2 million reward for the murder of Rushdie, said that  
supporters of Rushdie who campaign for the lifting of the fatwa deserved  
to be "punished." A Revolutionary Guards official vowed publicly that  
the death sentence would be carried out. The influence of this campaign  
has been felt outside Iran. In September, the head of a Muslim  
organization in Norway threatened to kill Rushdie if he attended a  
conference on freedom of expression in Stavanger.

Iran is also the world's preeminent state sponsor of extremist Islamic  
and Palestinian groups, providing funds, weapons, and training.  
Hizballah, Iran's closest client, could well have been responsible for  
the 18 July bombing of the Argentine Israel Mutual Association that left  
nearly 100 persons dead. This operation was virtually identical to the  
one conducted in March 1992 against the Israeli Embassy in Buenos Aires,  
for which Hizballah claimed responsibility. Hizballah had stated that it  
would seek retaliation against Israel for the kidnapping of a well-known  
Lebanese Shia terrorist and the Israeli airstrike in June on a Hizballah  
camp in Lebanon that killed more than 20 militants.

Iran supports many other radical organizations that have engaged in  
terrorism. Tehran opposes any compromise with or recognition of Israel  
and, as the peace process moves ahead, has worked to coordinate a  
rejectionist front to oppose the Israeli-PLO accords, particularly with  
the PIJ, the PFLP-GC, and HAMAS, as well as Hizballah.

Tehran continues to provide safehaven to the terrorist Kurdistan  
Workers' Party (PKK) in Iran. The PKKwseeking to establish a Kurdish  
state in southeastern Turkeywin 1994 conducted a violent campaign  
against Turkish tourism, including attacks on tourist spots frequented  
by foreigners, while continuing unabated the use of terrorism against  
Turkish citizens, including ethnic Kurds.

Iraq

Iraq continued to engage in state-sponsored internal and international  
terrorism in 1994. It is rebuilding its ability to mount terrorist  
attacks abroad, despite financial and diplomatic constraints imposed in  
the wake of the Gulf war.

The Government of Iraq provides safehaven and logistic support to  
several terrorist groups and individuals, including elements of the ANO,  
based in Lebanon; the Mojahedin-e Khalq, which is opposed to the  
government in Tehran; Abu Abbas' Palestine Liberation Front (PLF); and  
notorious bomb-maker Abu Ibrahim. Both Abbas and Ibrahim enjoy sanctuary  
in Iraq.

Political killings and terrorist actions are directed against civilians,  
foreign relief workers, journalists, and opposition leaders. On 12  
April, a prominent Iraqi expatriate oppositionist residing in Beirut,  
Lebanon, was assassinated. The Government of Lebanon stated that it had  
firm evidence linking the killing to the Government of Iraq and arrested  
two Iraqi diplomats in connection with the incident. Lebanon  
subsequently broke diplomatic relations with Iraq.

Since 1991, in violation of UN Security Council resolutions, the  
Government of Iraq has obstructed the international community's  
provision of humanitarian assistance. We believe that Iraq is  
responsible for more than 100 attacks on relief personnel and aid  
convoys over the past four years. Moreover, the Government of Iraq has  
offered monetary "bounties" to anyone who assassinates UN and other  
international relief workers.

A German journalist and her Kurdish bodyguard were shot to death on 3  
April in an ambush near Suleymaniya. Kurdish authorities arrested  
several suspects who reportedly confessed that the government had paid  
them to commit the murders. Several other international personnel,  
including UN guards and journalists, were critically injured in bombing  
and shooting attacks. At least 16 such attacks were reported. On 2  
January, two UN vehicles were fired on while approaching the Aski Kalak  
bridge between Mosul and Irbil. One vehicle was hit seven times. On 21  
January a handmade device using TNT exploded in the garden of a UN  
residence. Two Swedish journalists were injured on 14 March near Aqrah  
when a bomb exploded under their car. On 24 May two vehicles carrying  
representatives from the NGO OXFAM were shot at while returning to  
Suleymaniyah from a UN-NGO meeting in Salaheddin. On 1 June handgrenades  
were thrown at a warehouse in Suleymaniyah belonging to the French  
relief group Equilibre.

In July, three members of a prominent Shi'a family, the al-Khoeis, and  
their driver died under suspicious circumstances in an automobile crash  
in southern Iraq, near Al Najaf. Evidence points to involvement by the  
Government of Iraq. The al-Khoei family had long been targeted for  
harassment and abuse by the government.

On 4 June, a Kuwaiti court returned verdicts in the trial of the 14  
individuals accused of participation in the plot to assassinate former  
President Bush during his April 1993 visit to Kuwait. Six of the 14 were  
sentenced to death, seven were sentenced to prison for terms ranging  
from six months to 12 years, and one was acquitted.

Libya

The Libyan regime continued to defy the demands of UN Security Council  
Resolutions 731, 748, and 883 adopted in response to Tripoli's  
involvement in the bombings of Pan Am Flight 103 and UTA Flight 772.  
UNSCR 731 was adopted following the November 1991 indictments by British  
and US authorities of two Libyan intelligence agents for their role in  
the 1988 Pan Am bombing. The resolution incorporated US and British  
demands that Tripoli turn over the two suspects for trial in either a US  
or UK court, pay compensation to the victims, cooperate in the ongoing  
investigation, and cease all support for terrorism. UNSCR 731 also  
demanded that Tripoli cooperate with French authorities in their  
separate investigation of the UTA 772 bombing in 1989.

In April 1992, UNSCR 748 imposed sanctions against the Libyan regime for  
its refusal to comply with the demands of UNSCR 731. Those sanctions  
involved embargoing Libyan civil aviation and military procurement  
efforts, as well as requiring all states to reduce Libya's diplomatic  
presence. In November 1993, UNSCR 883 imposed additional sanctions to  
increase the pressure on Libya to comply with previous demands. The 883  
sanctions added a limited assets freeze and oil technology ban and  
strengthened existing sanctions.

By the end of 1994, Libya had taken no serious steps toward compliance  
with any of the UNSC demands. Instead, the Libyan regime continued to  
propose half measures and "compromise" solutions to the trial venue for  
the two suspects. Tripoli's proposals appeared disingenuous from the  
start, as none satisfy the demands of UNSC resolutions or meet the  
requirements of American or British judicial systems.

Even while Libya continued its efforts to convince international public  
opinion that it had abandoned terrorism, Qadhafi and his senior advisers  
vehemently attacked the Libyan opposition, calling them "stray dogs" and  
publicly threatening them. Indeed, available evidence strongly suggests  
Libya was behind the disappearance of prominent Libyan dissident and  
human rights activist, Mansour Kikhia, from his hotel room in Egypt in  
December 1993.

Throughout 1994, Tripoli demonstrated its willingness to support groups  
that oppose Western interests with terrorism. Qadhafi repeatedly urged  
radical rejectionists of the Middle East peace process to use "whatever  
means" possible to oppose it. Libya opened its arms to leaders of well-
known militant groups opposed to the Gaza-Jericho accord and hosted  
several meetings of the rejectionist groups in 1994. In addition, Libya  
hailed the 19 October bus-bombing attack in Tel Aviv by HAMAS as a  
"courageous operation." In addition, the leaders of HAMAS and the  
Palestinian Islamic Jihad publicly announced that Qadhafi had pledged to  
provide them with aid for the "liberation of Palestine."

North Korea

The Democratic People's Republic of Korea (DPRK or North Korea) is not  
known to have sponsored any international terrorist attacks since 1987,  
when it conducted the midflight bombing of a KAL airliner. A North  
Korean spokesman in April 1993 condemned all forms of terrorism,  
including state terrorism, and said his country resolutely opposed the  
encouragement and support of terrorism. Nevertheless, North Korea  
maintains contact with groups that practice terrorism and continues to  
provide political sanctuary to members of the Japanese Communist Leaguev
Red Army Faction who hijacked a Japan Airlines flight to North Korea in  
1970.

Sudan

The Government of Sudan provided safehaven and support for members of  
several international terrorist groups operating in Sudan. The regime  
also permitted Tehran to use Sudan as a secure transit point and meeting  
site for Iranian-backed extremist groups. There is no evidence that  
Sudan, which is dominated by the National Islamic Front (NIF), conducted  
or sponsored a specific act of terrorism in 1994.

The list of groups that maintain a presence or operate in Sudan is  
disturbing and includes some of the world's most violent organizations:  
the ANO, the Lebanese Hizballah, the Palestinian Islamic Resistance  
Movement (HAMAS), the Palestinian Islamic Jihad (PIJ), and Egypt's  
Islamic Group. The NIF also supports Islamic opposition groups from  
Algeria, Tunisia, Kenya, and Eritrea. Some of Sudan's neighbors have  
complained that insurgents in North Africa have received assistance from  
Sudan in the form of training, funds, weapons, travel documents, and  
indoctrination. In December, Eritrea severed diplomatic relations with  
Sudan for its support for subversive activities and hostile acts.

In a positive development, Sudan turned over the international terrorist  
"Carlos" (Ilyich Ramirez Sanchez) to France in August. Carloswwho  
bragged about his ties to senior government officials, carried a weapon,  
and flaunted Sudan's lawswhad been living in Sudan since late 1993 with  
full knowledge and protection of senior levels of the NIF and Sudanese  
Government.

While the reasons for the expulsion of Carlos are not entirely clear,  
the regime emphasized that the affair did not signal a shift in Sudanese  
policy and that the fate of Carlos would not affect other terrorist  
elements currently harbored in Sudan. President Bashir stated publicly  
it was Sudan's duty to protect "mujahedin" who sought refuge. In a press  
interview on the suicide bus bombing in Tel Aviv by a HAMAS militant in  
October, which left 22 persons dead, NIF leader Hassan Turabi praised  
the attack, calling it "an honorable act."

The Sudanese regime regularly denied there are terrorists in Sudan, and  
it refused to investigate information the US Ambassador supplied in  
September about the training of terrorists at the Merkhiyat Popular  
Defense camp located northwest of Khartoum. The Foreign Minister  
categorically dismissed the information without even offering to look  
into it.

Syria

There is no evidence that Syrian officials have been directly involved  
in planning or executing terrorist attacks since 1986. Damascus is  
publicly committed to the Middle East peace process and has taken some  
steps to restrain the international activities of these groups. Syria  
also uses its influence with Hizballah to limit outbreaks of violence on  
the border between Lebanon and Israel, but permits Iran to resupply  
Hizballah via Damascus.

However, Syria continues to provide safehaven and support for several  
groups that engage in international terrorism; spokesmen for some of  
these groups have publicly claimed responsibility for attacks in Israel  
and the occupied territories. Several radical terrorist groups maintain  
training camps or other facilities on Syrian territory. Ahmad Jibril's  
PFLP-GC has its headquarters near Damascus. In addition, Damascus grants  
a wide variety of groups engaged in terrorism basing privileges or  
refuge in areas of Lebanon's Bekaa Valley under Syrian control: these  
include HAMAS, the PFLP-GC, the Palestinian Islamic Jihad (PIJ), and the  
Japanese Red Army (JRA).

The terrorist group PKK continues to train in the Bekaa Valley, and its  
leader, Abdullah Ocalan, resides at least part-time in Syria. The PKK in  
1994 conducted a violent campaign against Turkish tourist spots  
frequented by foreigners, as well as other terrorist violence across  
Europe. Syrian safehaven for PKK operations was vigorously protested by  
Turkey and is the subject of discussions between Syria and Turkey.



Appendix A

Chronology of Significant Terrorist Incidents, 1994

4 January

Ireland
The Ulster Volunteer Force (UVF) claimed responsibility for two mail  
bombs sent to Sinn Fein's Dublin offices.

Turkey
Iranian state agents are believed responsible for the assassination of a  
member of the Iranian KDP Central Committee in Corum.


9 January

Iran
An armed attack was carried out against the British Embassy in Tehran.  
No one was injured, and no one has claimed responsibility for the  
attack.


10 January

Italy
A bomb detonated in front of the NATO Defense College building in Rome.  
That evening, copies of an eight-page Red Brigades bulletin, claiming  
responsibility on behalf of the "Combatant Communist Nuclei" (NCC), were  
found in several provinces.


11 January

Peru
A suspected Sendero Luminoso (SL) satchel bomb exploded in front of the  
Peruvian-Japanese cultural center in Lima, causing minimal damage to the  
structure.


14 January

Colombia
Suspected members of the National Liberation Army (ELN) kidnapped US  
citizen Russell Vacek, his wife Elizabeth, and other family members as  
they were traveling in El Playon.


29 January

Lebanon
A Jordanian diplomat was shot and killed outside his home in Beirut. The  
Government of Lebanon arrested and prosecuted ANO terrorists for the  
attack.


2 February

Azerbaijan
Several bombs exploded inside railcars, killing five persons and  
injuring several others at the Baku train station.


3 February

Greece
A bomb detonated at the German Goethe (culture) Institute in Athens. A  
local newspaper received a warning a half hour before the detonation  
from the Revolutionary People's Struggle (ELA) terrorist group.

Italy
A bomb was placed underneath the car of a Spanish Military Attache, Lt.  
Col. Fernando Sagristano, in Rome. The device severely injured an  
embassy driver.


19 February

Egypt
Unknown assailants fired upon a passenger train and wounded a Polish  
woman, a Thai woman, and two Egyptian citizens in Asyut. The al-Gama'at  
al-Islamiyya (Islamic Group) claimed responsibility for the attack.


23 February

Egypt
A bomb explosion aboard a passenger train in Asyut injured six foreign  
touristswtwo New Zealanders, two Germans, and two Australianswand five  
Egyptian citizens. The Islamic Group (IG) claimed responsibility for the  
incident.


4 March

Egypt
Unknown gunmen opened fire at a Nile cruise ship and wounded a German  
tourist near the Sohag Governorate. The Islamic Group (IG) claimed  
responsibility for the incident.

Iraq
Unidentified gunmen fired on a European Relief Organization vehicle and  
wounded two local guards near Irbil.


9-13 March

United Kingdom
The Provisional Irish Republican Army (PIRA) fired mortars at London's  
Heathrow International Airport in three separate attacks. There were no  
injuries because the fully primed mortars failed to detonate.


13 March

Lebanon
A grenade detonated on the British Embassy compound, causing minor  
damage and no injuries. No arrests or claims of responsibility were  
reported.


24 March

Turkey
The Kurdistan Workers' Party (PKK) is believed responsible for bombing  
the Central Bazaar in Istanbul's historic tourist district. Four  
tourists, including two Romanian women, were injured by the blast.


27 March

Turkey
A bomb detonated in the gardens of the Saint Sophia Mosque and Museum in  
Istanbul, injuring three tourists: one German, one Spanish, and one  
Dutch. The Metropole Revenge Team of the political wing of the PKK  
claimed responsibility.


29 March

Iraq
Six assailants fired on a United Nations guard contingency bus traveling  
from Irbil to Mosul and seriously wounded two Austrian guards.


1 April

Colombia
Six members of the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia (FARC)  
kidnapped US citizen Raymond Rising, Security Chief of the Summer  
Linguistic Institution, as he rode his motorcycle from the Municipal  
Capital of Puerto Lleras.


2 April

Turkey
The Kurdistan Workers' Party (PKK) claimed responsibility for bombing  
the IC Bedesten, the old bazaar at the center of the bazaar complex, in  
Istanbul. Two foreign tourists, one Spanish and one Belgian, were  
killed, and 17 others were injured.


3 April

Iraq
Assailants fired on a German journalist and her bodyguard while they  
were traveling in their car near Suleymaniyah. Both occupants of the  
vehicle were killed instantly.


8 April

Sri Lanka
A small bomb exploded inside a bathroom at the Marriott Hotel in  
Colombo, causing minor damages and no casualties.


11 April

Greece
The 17 November terrorist group claimed responsibility for planting  
rockets aimed at a British aircraft carrier, the Arc Royal. The rockets  
were defused by explosives experts.


13 April

Lebanon
Five individuals, including two Iraqi diplomats, were arrested for  
assassinating Iraqi opposition figure Shaykh Talib Ali al-Suhayl in his  
house near West Beirut.


27 April

South Africa
A car bomb exploded at Jan Smuts Airport in Johannesburg, injuring 16  
persons, including two Russian diplomats and a Swiss Air pilot. Although  
no group has claimed responsibility, white separatists opposed to South  
Africa's first multiracial election are believed responsible.


8 May

Algeria
Two French priests were shot and killed by two male assailants in the  
lower Casbah district of Algiers. In its weekly publication, the Armed  
Islamic Group (GIA) claimed responsibility.


17 May

Greece
A time-detonated rocket was fired at an IBM office in downtown Athens.  
The 17 November terrorist group claimed responsibility in a warning call  
to a radio station.


29 May

Iraq
At least two unknown assailants shot and killed an Iranian dissident,  
Seyeed Ahmad Sadr Lahijani, as he drove his car through Ghalebieh.


17 June

Uganda
A driver for the Catholic Relief Services was badly beaten by Lord's  
Resistance Army (LRA) rebels who ambushed the truck he was driving.


21-22 June

Turkey
In the coastal towns of Fethiye and Marmaris, bombs killed one foreign  
national and injured 10 others at tourist sites. The PKK claimed  
responsibility for the attacks on German television.


22 June

Turkey
Two bombs detonated within minutes of each other at a beach and park in  
the resort town of Marmaris, wounding 12 persons, including four British  
nationals, one of whom died five days later.


24 June

Greece
The Revolutionary People's Struggle (ELA/1 May) claimed responsibility  
for a bombing outside the offices of the European Community in downtown  
Athens. There were no injuries reported.


4 July

Greece
A senior Turkish diplomat in Athens, Omer Sipahioglu, was killed by  
three gunmen as he sat in his car. "November 17vTheofilos Georgiadis  
Commandos" claimed responsibility for the attack.


11 July

Greece
A bomb detonated in a Lindos restaurant on the Island of Rhodes,  
seriously injuring an Italian tourist and a Greek citizen.


18 July

Argentina
A car bomb exploded at the Israeli-Argentine Mutual Association (AMIA),  
killing nearly 100 persons and wounding more than 200 others. The  
explosion caused the seven-story building to collapse and damaged  
adjacent buildings.


19 July

Panama
A commuter plane exploded in flight over the Santa Rita mountains. Among  
the 21 victims were Israeli nationals, dual Israeli-Panamanian citizens,  
three US citizens, and 12 Jewish persons.


23 July

West Bank
Two unknown Palestinians stabbed and seriously injured a US woman in the  
Arab quarter of the Old City of Jerusalem. The assailants escaped  
unharmed.


26 July

Cambodia
The Khmer Rouge attacked a train traveling in Kompong Trach and  
kidnapped a number of passengers, among them an Australian, a Briton,  
and a Frenchman.

United Kingdom
A car bomb exploded at the Israeli Embassy in London, injuring 14  
persons. Police said the bomb was planted by a woman who was driving an  
Audi.


27 July

United Kingdom
A car bomb detonated outside a building that houses Jewish organizations  
in London. Five persons were injured in the attack.


3 August

Algeria
Five French Embassy employees were killed and one injured when  
guerrillas from the Armed Islamic Group (AIG) attacked a French  
residential compound in Algiers.


8 August

Turkey
The PKK kidnapped two Finnish nationals, stating that they did not have  
"entry visas for Kurdistan." The Finns were held for 22 days before  
being released unharmed.


12 August

Turkey
A bomb detonated in the Topkapi Bus Terminal, killing one Romanian  
consular official and wounding seven other people. The PKK is suspected.


18 August

Chile
A bomb exploded at a Santiago office building that houses the American  
company Fluor Daniel. The Manuel Rodriguez Patriotic Front (FPMR)  
claimed responsibility and stated that the incident was carried out in  
solidarity with Cuba and against the US economic blockade of the island.


26 August

Angola
A Portuguese priest and four nuns were kidnapped by suspected National  
Union for the Total Independence of Angola (UNITA) rebels near Choba.


27 August

Philippines
Seven South Korean engineers and 30 Filipino workers were taken captive  
by the Moro Islamic Liberation Front (MILF).


23 September

Colombia
Twelve terrorists from the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia (FARC)  
kidnapped US citizen Thomas Hargrove when he stopped at a guerrilla  
roadblock.


27 September

Egypt
Three persons were killed and two were wounded when an assailant fired  
on a downtown tourist area in Hurghada. Two Egyptians and one German  
were killed in the attack. The Islamic Group claimed responsibility for  
the attack.


9 October

Israel
Two Arabs armed with assault rifles and grenades attacked pedestrians in  
Jerusalem. The gunmen killed two persons and injured 14 others. Two US  
citizens were among the injured. HAMAS has claimed responsibility for  
the incident.


18 October

Algeria
Approximately 30 members of the Armed Islamic Group (AIG) attacked an  
oil base, killing a French and an Italian worker.


23 October

Egypt
Assailants shot and killed a British tourist and wounded three others in  
an attack on a bus near Luxor. The Islamic Group is believed responsible  
for the attack.


11 December

Philippines
The Abu Sayyaf Group (ASG) claimed responsibility for an explosion  
aboard a Philippine airliner. One Japanese citizen was killed, and at  
least 10 others were injured.


12 December

Turkey
The Kurdistan Workers' Party (PKK) is believed responsible for a bomb  
blast outside a store in Istanbul, which injured eight persons,  
including four Romanian tourists.


24 December

Algeria
Members of the Armed Islamic Group (AIG) hijacked an Air France flight  
in Algeria. The plane arrived in Marseille, France, on 26 December. A  
French antiterrorist unit stormed the plane, ending the 54-hour siege in  
which three hostages were killed by the terrorists. All four terrorists  
were killed during the rescue.


25 December

Israel
An American was among 12 persons injured when a HAMAS supporter carrying  
a bag of explosives blew himself up at a West Jerusalem bus stop.


27 December

Algeria
The Armed Islamic Group (AIG) claimed responsibility for the murders of  
four Catholic priests. The murders were apparently in retaliation for  
the deaths of four GIA hijackers the previous day in Marseille.



Appendix B

Background Information on Major Groups Discussed in the Report

     Abu Nidal organization (ANO) a.k.a.: Fatah Revolutionary Council,  
Arab Revolutionary Council, Arab Revolutionary Brigades, Black  
September, Revolutionary Organization of Socialist Muslims

Description
International terrorist organization led by Sabri al-Banna. Split from  
PLO in 1974. Made up of various functional committees, including  
political, military, and financial.

Activities
Has carried out over 90 terrorist attacks since 1974 in 20 countries,  
killing or injuring almost 900 people. Targets include the United  
States, the United Kingdom, France, Israel, moderate Palestinians, the  
PLO, and various Arab countries, depending on which state is sponsoring  
it at the time. Major attacks include Rome and Vienna airports in  
December 1985, the Neve Shalom synagogue in Istanbul, the Pan Am Flight  
73 hijacking in Karachi in September 1986, and the City of Poros day-
excursion ship attack in July 1988 in Greece. Suspected of carrying out  
assassination on 14 January 1991 in Tunis of PLO deputy chief Abu Iyad  
and PLO security chief Abu Hul. ANO members assassinated a Jordanian  
diplomat in Lebanon in January 1994.

Strength
Several hundred plus ``militia'' in Lebanon and overseas support  
structure.

Location/Area of Operation
Headquartered in Iraq (1974-83) and Syria (1983-87); currently  
headquartered in Libya with substantial presence in Lebanon (in the  
Bekaa Valley and several Palestinian refugee camps in coastal areas of  
Lebanon). Also has a presence in Sudan. Has demonstrated ability to  
operate over wide area, including the Middle East, Asia, and Europe.

External Aid
Has received considerable support, including safehaven, training,  
logistic assistance, and financial aid from Iraq and Syria (until 1987);  
continues to receive aid from Libya, in addition to close support for  
selected operations.


     Abu Sayyaf Group (ASG)

Description
Islamic extremist group operating in the southern Philippines led by  
Abdurajik Abubakar Janjalani. Split from the Moro National Liberation  
Front in 1991.

Activities
The organization uses bombs, assassinations, kidnappings for ransom, and  
extortion payments from companies and businessmen in its efforts to  
promote an Iranian-style Islamic state in Mindanao, an island in the  
southern Philippines heavily populated by Muslims. The ASG is suspected  
of mounting more than 60 terrorist attacks. Recent attacks have been  
mounted in opposition to ongoing peace negotiations between Manila and  
other Islamic groups.

Strength
About 200 members, mostly younger Muslims, many of whom have studied or  
worked in the Gulf states, where they were exposed to radical Islamist  
ideology.

Location/Area of Operation
The ASG operates almost exclusively on Mindanao Island, although it  
bombed a light railway in Manila in 1993. A person purporting to be an  
ASG member claimed responsibility for the midair bombing of a  
Philippines Airlines jumbo jet flying from Manila to Tokyo in December  
1994.

External Aid
Probably has ties to Islamic extremists in the Middle East.


     Al-Fatah
a.k.a.: Al-'Asifa

Description
Headed by Yasser Arafat, Fatah joined the PLO in 1968 and won the  
leadership role in 1969. Its commanders were expelled from Jordan  
following violent confrontations with Jordanian forces during the period  
1970-71, beginning with Black September in 1970. The Israeli invasion of  
Lebanon in 1982 led to the group's dispersal to several Middle Eastern  
countries, including Tunisia, Yemen, Algeria, Iraq, and others.  
Maintains several military and intelligence wings that have carried out  
terrorist attacks, including Force 17 and the Western Sector. Two of its  
leaders, Abu Jihad and Abu Iyad, were assassinated in recent years.

Activities
In the 1960s and the 1970s, Fatah offered training to a wide range of  
European, Middle Eastern, Asian, and African terrorist and insurgent  
groups. Carried out numerous acts of international terrorism in Western  
Europe and the Middle East in the early-to-middle 1970s. Arafat signed  
the Declaration of Principles (DOP) with Israel in 1993 and renounced  
terrorism and violence. There has been no authorized terrorist operation  
since that time.

Strength
6,000 to 8,000.

Location/Area of Operation
Headquartered in Tunisia, with bases in Lebanon and other Middle East  
countries.

External Aid
Has had close political and financial ties to Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, and  
other moderate Gulf states. These relations were disrupted by the Gulf  
crisis of 1990-91. Also had links to Jordan. Received weapons,  
explosives, and training from the former USSR and the former Communist  
regimes of East European states. China and North Korea have reportedly  
provided some weapons.


     Armed Islamic Group (AIG)
a.k.a. GIA

Description
An Islamic extremist group, the AIG aims to overthrow the secular  
Algerian regime and replace it with an Islamic state. The AIG began its  
violent activities following the ouster of President Bendjedid in early  
1992 and the cancellation of elections, which the Islamic Salvation  
Front was leading.

Activities
Frequent attacks against regime targetswparticularly security personnel  
and government officialswcivilians, journalists, teachers, and foreign  
residents. Since announcing its terrorist campaign against foreigners  
living in Algeria in September 1993, the AIG has killed almost 90  
expatriate men and womenwmostly Euro-peanswin the country. The AIG uses  
assassinations and bombings, including car bombs, and it is known to  
favor kidnapping victims and slitting their throats. In December 1994,  
four AIG terrorists hijacked an Air France flight in Algiers and killed  
three passengers before flying to Marseille, France, where French police  
stormed the plane, killing the hijackers. Since 1992, between 10,000 and  
35,000 people have died in Algerian violence.

Strength
Unknown, probably several hundred to several thousand.

Location
Algeria.

External Aid
Algerian expatriates, many of whom reside in Western Europe, provide  
some financial and logistic support. In addition, the Algerian  
Government has accused Iran and Sudan of supporting Algerian extremists  
and severed diplomatic relations with Iran in March 1993.


     Armenian Secret Army for the Liberation of Armenia (ASALA)  
a.k.a.: The Orly Group, 3rd October Organization

Description
Marxist-Leninist Armenian terrorist group formed in 1975 with stated  
intention to compel the Turkish Government to acknowledge publicly its  
alleged responsibility for the deaths of 1.5 million Armenians in 1915,  
pay reparations, and cede territory for an Armenian homeland. Led by  
Hagop Hagopian until he was assassinated in Athens in April 1988.

Activities
Initial bombing and assassination attacks directed against Turkish  
targets. Later attacked French and Swiss targets to force release of  
imprisoned comrades. Made several minor bombing attacks against US  
airline offices in Western Europe in early 1980s. Bombing of Turkish  
airline counter at Orly International Airport in Paris in 1983, in which  
eight persons were killed and 55 were wounded, led to split in group  
over rationale for causing indiscriminate casualties. Suffering from  
internal schisms, the group has been relatively inactive.

Strength
A few hundred members and sympathizers.

Location/Area of Operation
Lebanon, Western Europe, Armenia, the United States, and the Middle  
East.

External Aid
Has received aid, including training and safehaven, from Syria. May also  
receive some aid from Libya. Has extensive ties to radical Palestinian  
groups, including the PFLP and PFLP-GC.  


     Basque Fatherland and Liberty (ETA)

Description
Founded in 1959 with the aim of creating an independent homeland in  
Spain's Basque region. Has muted commitment to Marxism.

Activities
Chiefly bombings and assassinations of Spanish Government targets,  
especially security forces. Since arrest of ETA members in France in  
March 1992, ETA also has attacked French interests. Finances activities  
through kidnappings, robberies, and extortion.

Strength
Unknown; may have hundreds of members, plus supporters.

Location/Area of Operation
Operates primarily in the Basque autonomous regions of northern Spain  
and southwestern France but also has bombed Spanish interests in Italy  
and Germany and French interests in Italy.

External Aid
Has received training at various times in Libya, Lebanon, and Nicaragua.  
Also appears to have close ties to PIRA.


     Chukaku-Ha (Nucleus or Middle Core Faction)

Description
An ultraleftist/radical group with origins in the fragmentation of the  
Japanese Communist Party in 1957. Largest domestic militant group; has  
political arm plus small, covert action wing called Kansai Revolutionary  
Army. Funding derived from membership dues, sales of its newspapers, and  
fundraising campaigns.

Activities
Participates in mass street demonstrations and commits sporadic attacks  
using crude rockets and incendiary devices usually designed to cause  
property damage rather than casualties. Protests Japan's imperial  
system, Western ``imperialism,'' and events like the Gulf war and the  
expansion of Tokyo's Narita airport. Launched four rockets at the US  
Army base at Camp Zama, near Tokyo, at the start of the G-7 Summit in  
July 1993.

Strength
3,500.

Location/Area of Operation
Japan.

External Aid
None known.


     CNPZ (see Nestor Paz Zamora Commission under National Liberation  
Army [ELN]-Bolivia)


     Democratic Front for the Liberation of Palestine (DFLP)

Description
Marxist group that split from the PFLP in 1969. Believes Palestinian  
national goals can be achieved only through revolution of the masses.  
Opposes the Declaration of Principles (DOP) signed in 1993. In early  
1980s, occupied political stance midway between Arafat and the  
rejectionists. Split into two factions in 1991, one pro-Arafat and  
another more hardline faction headed by Nayif Hawatmah (which has  
suspended participation in the PLO).

Activities
In the 1970s, carried out numerous small bombings and minor assaults and  
some more spectacular operations in Israel and the occupied territories,  
concentrating on Israeli targets such as the 1974 massacre in Ma'alot in  
which 27 Israelis were killed and more than 100 wounded. Involved only  
in border raids since 1988.

Strength
Estimated at 500 (total for both factions).

Location/Area of Operation
Syria, Lebanon, and the Israeli occupied territories; attacks have taken  
place entirely in Israel and the occupied territories.

External Aid
Receives financial and military aid from Syria and Libya.


     Devrimci Sol (Revolutionary Left)
a.k.a.: Dev Sol

Description
Formed in 1978 as a splinter faction of the Turkish People's Liberation  
Party/Front. Espouses a Marxist ideology, intensely xenophobic, and  
virulently anti-US and anti-NATO; seeks to unify the proletariat to  
stage a national revolution. Finances its activities chiefly through  
armed robberies and extortion.

Activities
Since the late 1980s, has concentrated attacks against current and  
retired Turkish security and military officials. Began new campaign  
against foreign interests in 1990. Protesting Gulf war, claimed  
assassination of two US military contractors and attempted assassination  
of a US Air Force officer. Launched rockets at US Consulate in Istanbul  
in April and July 1992. Recent terrorist activities have been less  
ambitious as Dev Sol works to recover from internal factionalism and  
police raids that netted several operatives and large weapons caches.

Strength
Several hundred members, several dozen armed militants.

Location/Area of Operation
Carries out attacks in Turkey, primarily in Istanbul, Ankara, Izmir, and  
Adana. Conducts fundraising operations in Western Europe.

External Aid
Possible training support from radical Palestinians.


     ELN (see National Liberation Army).


     ETA (see Basque Fatherland and Liberty)


     FARC (see Revolutionary Army Forces of Colombia)


     Fatah (see Al-Fatah)


     15 May Organization

Description
Formed in 1979 from remnants of Wadi Haddad's Popular Front for the  
Liberation of PalestinevSpecial Operations Group (PFLP-SOG). Led by  
Muhammad al-Umari, who is known throughout Palestinian circles as Abu  
Ibrahim or the bomb man. Group was never part of PLO. Reportedly  
disbanded in the mid-1980s when several key members joined Colonel  
Hawari's Special Operations Group of Fatah.

Activities
Claimed responsibility for several bombings in the early-to-middle  
1980s, including hotel bombing in London (1980), El Al's Rome and  
Istanbul offices (1981), and Israeli Embassies in Athens and Vienna  
(1981). Anti-US attacks include an attempted bombing of a Pan Am  
airliner in Rio de Janeiro and a bombing on board a Pan Am flight from  
Tokyo to Honolulu in August 1982.  

Strength
50 to 60 in early 1980s.

Location/Area of Operation
Baghdad until 1984. Before disbanding, operated in Middle East, Europe,  
and East Asia. Abu Ibrahim is reportedly in Iraq.

External Aid
Probably received logistic and financial support from Iraq until 1984.


     Force 17

Description
Formed in early 1970s as a personal security force for Arafat and other  
PLO leaders.

Activities
According to press sources, in 1985 expanded operations to include  
terrorist attacks against Israeli targets. No confirmed terrorist  
activity outside Israel and the occupied territories since September  
1985, when it claimed responsibility for killing three Israelis in  
Cyprus, an incident that was followed by Israeli air raids on PLO bases  
in Tunisia.

Strength
Unknown.

Location/Area of Operation
Based in Beirut before 1982. Since then, dispersed in several Arab  
countries. Now operating in Lebanon, other Middle East countries, and  
Europe.

External Aid
PLO is main source of support.


    FPM (see Morazanist Patriotic Front)


     FPMR (see Manuel Rodriguez Patriotic Front)


     Al-Gama'a al-Islamiyya(a.k.a.: The Islamic Group)

Description
An indigenous Egyptian Islamic extremist group active since the late  
1970s; appears to be loosely organized with no single readily  
identifiable operational leader. Shaykh Umar abd al-Rahman is the  
preeminent spiritual leader. Goal is to overthrow the government of  
President Hosni Mubarak and replace it with an Islamic state.

Activities
Armed attacks against Egyptian security and other officials, Coptic  
Christians, Western tourists, and Egyptian opponents of Islamic  
extremism. It assassinated the speaker of the Egyptian assembly in  
October 1990 and launched a series of attacks on tourists in Egypt in  
1992. The group wounded the Egyptian Information Minister in an  
assassination attempt in April 1993.

Strength
Not known, but probably several thousand hardcore members and another  
several thousand sympathizers.

Location/Area of Operation
Operates mainly in the Al Minya, Asyut, and Qina Governorates of  
southern Egypt. It also appears to have support in Cairo, Alexandria,  
and other urban locations, particularly among unemployed graduates and  
students.

External Aid
Not known. Egyptian Government believes that Iran, Sudan, and Afghan  
militant Islamic groups support the group.


     HAMAS (Islamic Resistance Movement)

Description
HAMAS was formed in late 1987 as an outgrowth of the Palestinian branch  
of the Muslim Brotherhood and has become Fatah's principal political  
rival in the occupied territories. Various elements of HAMAS have used  
both political and violent means, including terrorism, to pursue the  
goal of establishing an Islamic Palestinian state in place of Israel.  
HAMAS is loosely structured, with some elements working openly through  
mosques and social service institutions to recruit members, raise money,  
organize activities, and distribute propaganda. Militant elements of  
HAMAS, operating clandestinely, have advocated and used violence to  
advance their goals. HAMAS's strength is concentrated in the Gaza Strip  
and a few areas of the West Bank. It has also engaged in peaceful  
political activity, such as running candidates in West Bank Chamber of  
Commerce elections.

Activities
HAMAS activists especially those in the Izz el-Din al-Qassam Forces have  
conducted many attacks against Israeli civilian and military targets,  
suspected Palestinian collaborators, and Fatah rivals.  

Strength
Unknown number of hardcore members; tens of thousands of supporters and  
sympathizers.

Location/Area of Operation
Primarily the occupied territories, Israel, and Jordan.

External Aid
Receives funding from Palestinian expatriates, Iran, and private  
benefactors in Saudi Arabia and other moderate Arab states. Some  
fundraising and propaganda activity take place in Western Europe and  
North America.


     The Harakat-ul-Ansar (HUA)

Description
The Harakat-ul-Ansar (HUA)wan Islamic militant group that seeks  
Kashmir's accession to Pakistanwraised its visibility by kidnapping two  
British citizens in June. The HUA was formed in October 1993 when two  
Pakistani political activist groups, Harakat-ul-Jihad al-Islami and  
Harakat-ul-Mujahedin, merged. According to the leader of the alliance,  
Maulana Saadatullah Kahn, the group's objective is to continue the armed  
struggle against nonbelievers and anti-Islamic forces.

Activities
This group recently has carried out a number of operations against  
Indian troops and civilian targets in Kashmir. The HUA captured Lt. Col.  
Bhobandar Singh in January and demanded that Indian forces turn over an  
HUA commander in return for Singh's release. When Indian authorities  
refused, the militants killed Singh. In mid-May, HUA militants conducted  
two attacks in Doda district in which they stopped buses, forced the  
passengers off, then singled out individuals for executionwthe last  
victim was a 14-year-old Muslim boy. The HUA also supports Muslims in  
Indian-controlled Kashmir with humanitarian and military assistance.

Strength
The Harakat-ul-Ansar has several thousand armed members located in Azad  
Kashmir, Pakistan, and in the southern Kashmir Valley and the Doda  
regions of India. The HUA uses light and heavy machineguns, assault  
rifles, mortars, explosives, and rockets. Membership is open to all who  
support the HUA's objectives and are willing to take the group's 40-day  
training course. It has a core militant group of about 300, mostly  
Pakistanis and Kashmiris, but includes Afghans and Arab veterans of the  
Afghan war.

Location/Area of Operation
The HUA is based in Muzaffarabad, Pakistan, but HUA members have  
participated in insurgent and terrorist operations in Kashmir, Burma,  
Tajikistan, and Bosnia. The HUA is based in Muzaffarabad, Pakistan, and  
is actively involved in supporting Muslims in Indian-controlled Kashmir  
with humanitarian and military assistance. The HUA's Burma branch,  
located in the Arakans, trains local Muslims in weapons handling and  
guerrilla warfare. In Tajikistan, HUA members have served with and  
trained Tajik resistance elements. The first group of Harakat militants  
entered Bosnia in 1992.

External Aid
The HUA collects donations from Saudi Arabia and other Gulf and Islamic  
states to purchase relief supplies, which it distributes to Muslims in  
Tajikistan, Kashmir, and Burma. The source and amount of HUA's military  
funding are unknown but is believed to come from sympathetic Arab  
countries and wealthy Pakistanis and Kashmiris.


     Hizballah (Party of God)
a.k.a.: Islamic Jihad, Revolutionary Justice Organization, Organization  
of the Oppressed on Earth, Islamic Jihad for the Liberation of Palestine

Description
Radical Shia group formed in Lebanon; dedicated to creation of Iranian-
style Islamic republic in Lebanon and removal of all non-Islamic  
influences from area. Strongly anti-West and anti-Israel. Closely allied  
with, and often directed by, Iran but may have conducted rogue  
operations that were not approved by Tehran.

Activities
Known or suspected to have been involved in numerous anti-US terrorist  
attacks, including the suicide truck-bombing of the US Embassy and US  
Marine barracks in Beirut in October 1983 and the US Embassy annex in  
Beirut in September 1984. Group also hijacked TWA Flight 847 in 1985.  
Elements of the group were responsible for the kidnapping and detention  
of most, if not all, US and other Western hostages in Lebanon. Islamic  
Jihad publicly claimed responsibility for the car-bombing of Israel's  
Embassy in Buenos Aires in March 1992.

Strength
Several thousand.

Location/Area of Operation
Operates in the Bekaa Valley, the southern suburbs of Beirut, and  
southern Lebanon; has established cells in Europe, Africa, South  
America, North America, and elsewhere.

External Aid
Receives substantial amounts of financial, training, weapons,  
explosives, political, diplomatic, and organizational aid from Iran.


     Jamaat ul-Fuqra

Description
Jamaat ul-Fuqra is an Islamic sect that seeks to purify Islam through  
violence. Fuqra is led by Pakistani cleric Shaykh Mubarik Ali Gilani,  
who established the organization in the early 1980s. Gilani now resides  
in Pakistan, but most Fuqra cells are located in North America. Fuqra  
members have purchased isolated rural compounds in North America to live  
communally, practice their faith, and insulate themselves from Western  
culture.

Activities
Fuqra members have attacked a variety of targets they view as enemies of  
Islam, including Muslims they regard as heretics, and Hindus. Several  
Fuqra members were convicted in a Canadian court in late 1993 of  
conspiracy to commit murderwa charge related to their plans to bomb a  
Hindu temple and a Hindu-owned cinema in Torontowand Fuqra members in  
the United States have also been convicted of criminal violations,  
including murder and fraud. Attacks during the 1980s included  
assassinations and firebombings across the United States.

Strength
Unknown.

Location/Area of Operation
North America, Pakistan.

External Aid
None.


     Japanese Red Army (JRA)
a.k.a.: Anti-Imperialist International Brigade (AIIB)

Description
An international terrorist group formed around 1970 after breaking away  
from Japanese Communist League Red Army Faction. Now led by Fusako  
Shigenobu, believed to be in Syrian-garrisoned area of Lebanon's Bekaa  
Valley. Stated goals are to overthrow Japanese Government and monarchy  
and to help foment world revolution. Organization unclear but may  
control or at least have ties to Anti-Imperialist International Brigade  
(AIIB); may also have links to Antiwar Democratic Frontwan overt leftist  
political organizationwinside Japan. Details released following November  
1987 arrest of leader Osamu Maruoka indicate that JRA may be organizing  
cells in Asian cities, such as Manila and Singapore. Has had close and  
longstanding relations with Palestinian terrorist groupswbased and  
operating outside Japanwsince its inception.

Activities
Before 1977, JRA carried out a series of brutal attacks over a wide  
geographical area, including the massacre of passengers at Lod airport  
in Israel (1972) and two Japanese airliner hijackings (1973 and 1977).  
Anti-US attacks include attempted takeover of US Embassy in Kuala Lumpur  
(1975). Since mid-1960s, has carried out several crude rocket and mortar  
attacks against a number of US embassies. In April 1988, JRA operative  
Yu Kikumura was arrested with explosives on the New Jersey Turnpike,  
apparently planning an attack to coincide with the bombing of a USO club  
in Naples and a suspected JRA operation that killed five, including a US  
servicewoman. He was convicted of these charges and is serving a lengthy  
prison sentence in the United States.

Strength
About 30 hardcore members; undetermined number of sympathizers.

Location/Area of Operation
Based in Syrian-controlled areas of Lebanon; often transits Damascus.

External Aid
Receives aid, including training and base camp facilities, from radical  
Palestinian terrorists, especially the PFLP. May also receive aid from  
Libya. Suspected of having sympathizers and support apparatus in Japan.


     Jihad Group
a.k.a.: al-Jihad, Islamic Jihad, New Jihad Group, Vanguards of Conquest,  
Talaa'al al-Fateh

Description
An Egyptian Islamic extremist group active since the late 1970s; appears  
to be divided into at least two separate factions: remnants of the  
original Jihad led by Abbud al-Zumar, currently imprisoned in Egypt, and  
a new faction calling itself Vanguards of Conquest (Talaa'al al-Fateh or  
the New Jihad Group), which appears to be led by Dr. Ayman al-Zawahiri,  
who is currently outside Egypt, specific whereabouts unknown. In  
addition to the Islamic Group, the Jihad factions regard Sheikh Omar  
Abdel Rahman as their spiritual leader. The goal of all Jihad factions  
is to overthrow the government of President Hosni Mubarak and replace it  
with an Islamic state.

Activities
The Jihad groups specialize in armed attacks against high-level Egyptian  
Government officials. The original Jihad was responsible for the 1981  
assassination of President Sadat. More recently, the newer Jihad group  
led by Zawahiri claimed responsibility for the 18 August 1993 bomb  
attack in Cairo, which wounded Egyptian Interior Minister Hassan al-Alfi  
and killed five others, and the 25 November 1993 car-bomb attack in  
Cairo on Prime Minister Sedky; although Sedky was unharmed, a teenage  
girl was killed and 18 others were injured. Unlike the Islamic Groupw
which mainly targets mid- and lower-level security personnel, Coptic  
Christians, and Western touristswthe Jihad group appears to concentrate  
primarily on high-level, high-profile Egyptian Government officials,  
including cabinet ministers. It also seems more technically  
sophisticated in its attacks than the al-Gama'a al-Islamiyyawnotably in  
its use of car bombs.

Strength
Not known, but probably several thousand hardcore members and another  
several thousand sympathizers among the various factions.

Location/Area of Operation
Operates mainly in the Cairo area. Also appears to have members outside  
Egypt, probably in Afghanistan, Pakistan, and Sudan.

External Aid
Not known. The Egyptian Government claims that Iran, Sudan, and militant  
Islamic groups in Afghanistan support the Jihad factions.


     Kach and Kahane Chai

Description
Stated goal of restoring the biblical state of Israel. Kach (founded by  
radical Israeli-American rabbi Meir Kahane) and its offshoot Kahane  
Chai, which means "Kahane Lives," (founded by Meir Kahane's son Binyamin  
following his father's assassination in the United States) were declared  
to be terrorist organizations on 13 March 1994 by the Israeli Cabinet  
under the 1948 Terrorism Law. This followed the groups' statements in  
support of Dr. Baruch Goldstein's 25 February attack on the al-Ibrahimi  
MosquewGoldstein was affiliated with Kachwand their verbal attacks on  
the Israeli Government.

Activities
Organize protests against the Israeli Government. Harass and threaten  
Palestinians in Hebron and the West Bank. Groups have threatened to  
attack Arabs, Palestinians, and Israeli Government officials. They also  
claimed responsibility for several shooting attacks on West Bank  
Palestinians in which four persons were killed and two wounded in 1993.

Strength
Unknown.

Location/Area of Operation
Israel and West Bank settlements, particularly Qiryat Arba in Hebron.

External Aid
Receives support from Jewish people in the United States and Europe.  


     Kurdistan Workers' Party (PKK)
a.k.a.: Kurdistan Workers' Party

Description
Marxist-Leninist insurgent group composed of Turkish Kurds established  
in 1974. In recent years has moved beyond rural-based insurgent  
activities to include urban terrorism. Seeks to set up an independent  
Marxist state in southeastern Turkey, where there is a predominantly  
Kurdish population.

Activities
Primary targets are Turkish Government forces and civilians in eastern  
Turkey but becoming increasingly active in Western Europe against  
Turkish targets. Conducted coordinated attacks on Turkish diplomatic and  
commercial facilities in dozens of West European cities on 24 June and 4  
November. In May 1993, began a campaign against Turkish tourism industry  
and kidnapped 19 Western tourists traveling in eastern Turkey in summer  
1993; released all unharmed. Also has bombed tourist sites and hotels.  

Strength
Approximately 10,000 to 15,000 full-time guerrillas, 5,000 to 6,000 of  
whom are in Turkey; 60,000 to 75,000 part-time guerrillas; and hundreds  
of thousands of sympathizers in Turkey and Europe.

Location/Area of Operation
Operates in Turkey and Western Europe.

External Aid
Receives safehaven and modest aid from Syria, Iraq, and Iran.


Lautaro Youth Movement (MJL)
a.k.a.: The Lautaro faction of the United Popular Action Movement  
(MAPU/L) or Lautaro Popular Rebel Forces (FRPL)

Description
Violent, anti-US extremist group that advocates the overthrow of the  
Chilean Government. Leadership largely from leftist elements but  
includes criminals and alienated youths. Became active in late 1980s,  
but has been seriously weakened by government counterterrorist successes  
in recent years.

Activities
Has been linked to assassinations of policemen, bank robberies, and  
attacks on Mormon churches.

Strength
Unknown.

Location/Area of Operation
Chile; mainly Santiago.

External Aid
None.


     The Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE)
Other known front organizations: World Tamil Association (WTA), World  
Tamil Movement (WTM), the Federation of Associations of Canadian Tamils  
(FACT), the Ellalan Force

Description
Founded in 1976, the LTTE is the most powerful Tamil group in Sri Lanka  
and uses overt and illegal methods to raise funds, acquire weapons, and  
publicize its cause of establishing an independent Tamil state. The LTTE  
began its armed conflict with the Sri Lankan Government in 1983 and  
relies on a guerrilla strategy that includes the use of terrorist  
tactics.

Activities
The Tigers have integrated a battlefield insurgent strategy with a  
terrorist program that targets not only key personnel in the countryside  
but also senior Sri Lankan political and military leaders in Colombo.  
Political assassinations have become commonplace and culminated in May  
1993 with the fatal bombing of President Rana-singhe Premadasa. In April  
1994, the Ellalan Force claimed credit for setting off three bombs at  
major tourist hotels in Colombo.

Strength
Approximately 10,000 armed combatants in Sri Lanka; about 3,000 to 6,000  
form a trained cadre of fighters. The LTTE also has a significant  
overseas support structure for fundraising, weapons procurement, and  
propaganda activities.

Location/Area of Operation
The Tigers control most of the northern and eastern coastal areas of Sri  
Lanka but have conducted operations throughout the island. Headquartered  
in the Jaffna peninsula, LTTE leader Velupillai Prabhakaran has  
established an extensive network of checkpoints and informants to keep  
track of any ``outsiders'' who enter the group's area of control. The  
LTTE prefers to attack vulnerable government facilities, then withdraw  
before reinforcements arrive.

External Aid
The LTTE's overt organizations support Tamil separatism by lobbying  
foreign governments and the United Nations. The LTTE also uses its  
international contacts to procure weapons, communications, and bomb-
making equipment. The LTTE exploits large Tamil communities in North  
America, Europe, and Asia to obtain funds and supplies for its fighters  
in Sri Lanka. Information obtained since the mid-1980s indicates that  
some Tamil communities in Europe are also involved in narcotics  
smuggling. Tamils historically have served as drug couriers moving  
narcotics into Europe.


     Manuel Rodriguez Patriotic Front (FPMR)

Description
Original FPMR was founded in 1983 as armed wing of Chilean Communist  
Party and named for hero of Chile's war of independence against Spain.  
Group splintered into two factions in late 1980s, one of which became a  
political party in 1991. The dissident wing FPMR/D is one of Chile's  
most active terrorist groups.

Activities
The dissident wing (FPMR/D) frequently attacks civilians and  
international targets, including US businesses and Mormon churches. In  
1993, FPMR/D bombed two McDonalds restaurants and attempted to bomb a  
Kentucky Fried Chicken restaurant. Successful government  
counterterrorist operations have significantly undercut organization.

Strength
Now believed to have fewer than 500 members.

Location/Area of Operation
Chile.

External Aid
None.


     Mujahedin-e Khalq Organization (MEK or MKO)
a.k.a.: The National Liberation Army of Iran (NLA, the militant wing of  
the MEK), the People's Mujahedin of Iran (PMOI), National Council of  
Resistance (NCR), Muslim Iranian Student's Society (front organization  
used to garner financial support)     

Description
Formed in the 1960s by the college-educated children of Iranian  
merchants, the MEK sought to counter what is perceived as excessive  
Western influence in the Shah's regime. In the 1970s, the MEKwled by  
Masud Rajavi after 1978wconcluded that violence was the only way to  
bring about change in Iran. Since then, the MEKwfollowing a philosophy  
that mixes Marxism and Islamwhas developed into the largest and most  
active armed Iranian dissident group. Its history is studded with anti-
Western activity, and, most recently, attacks on the interests of the  
clerical regime in Iran and abroad.

Activities
The MEK directs a worldwide campaign against the Iranian Government that  
stresses propaganda and occasionally uses terrorist violence. During the  
1970s, the MEK staged terrorist attacks inside Iran to destabilize and  
embarrass the Shah's regime; the group killed several US military  
personnel and civilians working on defense projects in Tehran. In 1979  
the group supported the takeover of the US Embassy in Tehran. In April  
1992, the MEK carried out nearly simultaneous attacks on Iranian  
embassies in 13 different countries in North America, Europe, and the  
Pacific Rim. The attacks caused extensive property damage and  
demonstrated the group's ability to mount large-scale operations  
overseas. Iran's belief that the MEK was responsible for the bombing of  
the Mashhad Shrine and subsequent attacks against Iranian oil facilities  
led Tehran in November 1994 to launch attacks against an MEK base.

Strength
Several thousand fighters based in Iraq with an extensive overseas  
support structure. Most of the fighters are organized in the MEK's  
National Liberation Army (NLA).

Location/Area of Operation
In the 1980s, the MEK's leaders were forced by Iranian security forces  
to flee to France. Most resettled in Iraq by 1987. Since the mid-1980s,  
the MEK has not mounted terrorists operations in Iran at a level similar  
to its activities in the 1970s. Aside from the National Liberation  
Army's attacks into Iran toward the end of the Iran-Iraq war, and  
occasional NLA cross-border incursions since, the MEK's attacks on Iran  
have amounted to little more than harassment. The MEK has had more  
success in confronting Iranian representatives overseas through  
propaganda and street demonstrations.

External Aid
Beyond support from Iraq, the MEK uses front organizations to solicit  
contributions from expatriate Iranian communities.


     MJL (see Lautaro Youth Movement)


     Morazanist Patriotic Front (FPM)

Description
A radical, leftist terrorist group that first appeared in the late  
1980s. Attacks made to protest US intervention in Honduran economic and  
political affairs.

Activities
Attacks on US, mainly military, personnel in Honduras. Claimed  
responsibility for attack on a bus in March 1990 that wounded seven US  
servicemen. Claimed bombing of Peace Corps office in December 1988; bus  
bombing that wounded three US servicemen in February 1989; attack on US  
convoy in April 1989; and grenade attack that wounded seven US soldiers  
in La Ceiba in July 1989.

Strength
Unknown, probably relatively small.

Location/Area of Operation
Honduras.

External Aid
Had ties to former Government of Nicaragua and possibly Cuba.


     MRTA (see Tupac Amaru Revolutionary Movement)


     National Liberation Army (ELN)wBolivia includes Nestor Paz Zamora  
Commission (CNPZ)

Description
ELN claims to be resuscitation of group established by Che Guevara in  
1960s. Includes numerous small factions of indigenous subversive groups,  
including CNPZ, which is largely inactive today.

Activities
ELN and CNPZ have attacked US interests in past years but focused almost  
exclusively on Bolivian domestic targets in 1993.

Strength
Unknown; probably fewer than 100.

Location/Area of Operation
Bolivia.

External Aid
None.


     National Liberation Army (ELN)wColombia

Description
Rural-based, anti-US, Maoist-Marxist-Leninist guerrilla group formed in  
1963. Attempted peace talks with the government ended in May 1992.

Activities
Periodically kidnaps foreign employees of large corporations and holds  
them for large ransom payments. Conducts frequent assaults on oil  
infrastructure and has inflicted major damage on pipelines since 1986.  
Extortion and bombings against US and other foreign businesses,  
especially the petroleum industry.

Strength
Has fallen off in recent years and now estimated at only about 700  
combatants.

Location/Area of Operation
Colombia.

External Aid
None.


     New People's Army (NPA)

Description
The guerrilla arm of the Communist Party of the Philippines (CPP), an  
avowedly Maoist group formed in December 1969 with the aim of  
overthrowing the government through protracted guerrilla warfare.  
Although primarily a rural-based guerrilla group, the NPA has an active  
urban infrastructure to carry out terrorism; uses city-based  
assassination squads called sparrow units. Derives most of its funding  
from contributions of supporters and so-called revolutionary taxes  
extorted from local businesses.

Activities
The NPA is in disarray because of a split in the CPP, a lack of money,  
and successful government operations. With the US military gone from the  
country, NPA has engaged in urban terrorism against the police, corrupt  
politicians, drug traffickers, and other targets that evoked popular  
anger. Has vowed to kill US citizens involved in counterinsurgency  
campaign. Has assassinated 10 US military and private citizens since  
1987. Has also attacked US businesses in rural areas that refused to pay  
so-called revolutionary taxes.

Strength
16,000, plus support groups.
Location/Area of Operation
Philippines.

External Aid
Receives funding from overseas fundraisers in Western Europe and  
elsewhere; also linked to Libya. Diverts some funding of humanitarian  
aid.


     Palestine Liberation Front (PLF)

Description
Terrorist group that broke away from the PFLP-GC in mid-1970s. Later  
split again into pro-PLO, pro-Syrian, and pro-Libyan factions. Pro-PLO  
faction led by Muhammad Abbas (Abu Abbas), who became member of PLO  
Executive Committee in 1984 but left it in 1991.

Activities
The Abu Abbasvled faction carried out abortive seaborne attack staged  
from Libya against Israel on 30 May 1990. Abbas's group was also  
responsible for October 1985 attack on the cruise ship Achille Lauro and  
the murder of US citizen Leon Klinghoffer. A warrant for Abu Abbas's  
arrest is outstanding in Italy. Others involved in the hijacking are  
wanted elsewhere. Openly supported Iraq during Gulf war.

Strength
At least 50.

Location/Area of Operation
PLO faction based in Tunisia until Achille Lauro attack. Now based in  
Iraq.

External Aid
Receives logistic and military support mainly from PLO, but also from  
Libya and Iraq.


     Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO)
On 9 September 1993, in letters to Israeli Prime Minister Rabin and  
Norwegian Foreign Minister Holst, PLO Chairman Arafat committed the PLO  
to cease all violence and terrorism. On 13 September 1993, the  
Declaration of Principles between the Israelis and Palestinians was  
signed in Washington, DC. Between 9 September and 31 December, the PLO  
factions loyal to Arafat complied with this commitment except for one,  
perhaps two, instances in which the responsible individuals apparently  
acted independently. Two groups under the PLO umbrella, the Popular  
Front for the Liberation of Palestine (PFLP) and the Democratic Front  
for the Liberation of PalestinevHawatmeh faction (DFLP-H), suspended  
their participation in the PLO in protest of the agreement and continued  
their campaign of violence. The US Government continues to monitor  
closely PLO compliance with its commitment to abandon terrorism and  
violence.


     Palestinian Islamic Jihad (PIJ)

Description
The PIJ originated among militant Palestinian fundamentalists in the  
Gaza Strip during the 1970s. The PIJ is a series of loosely affiliated  
factions, rather than a cohesive group. The PIJ is committed to the  
creation of an Islamic Palestinian state and the destruction of Israel  
through holy war. Because of its strong support for Israel, the United  
States has been identified as an enemy of the PIJ. The PIJ also opposes  
moderate Arab governments that it believes have been tainted by Western  
secularism.

Activities
The PIJ demonstrated its terrorist credentials when it attacked a tour  
bus in Egypt in February 1990 and killed 11 people, including nine  
Israelis. The PIJ also has carried out cross-border raids against  
Israeli targets in the West Bank and Gaza Strip. The PIJ has threatened  
to attack US interests in Jordan. PIJ agents were arrested in Egypt in  
September 1991 while attempting to enter the country to conduct  
terrorism.

Strength
Unknown.

Location/Area of Operation
Primarily Israel and the occupied territories and other parts of the  
Middle East, including Jordan and Lebanon. The largest faction is based  
in Syria.

External Aid
Probably receives financial assistance from Iran and possibly some  
assistance from Syria.


     The Party of Democratic Kampuchea (Khmer Rouge)

Description
The Khmer Rouge is a Communist insurgency that is trying to destabilize  
the Cambodian Government. Under Pol Pot's leadership, the Khmer Rouge  
conducted a campaign of genocide in which more than 1million persons  
were killed during its four years in power in the late 1970s.

Activities
The Khmer Rouge now is engaged in a low-level insurgency against the  
Cambodian Government; although its victims are mainly Cambodian  
villagers, the Khmer Rouge has occasionally kidnapped and killed  
foreigners, including Westerners, traveling in remote rural areas.

Strength
The Khmer Rouge is made up of approximately 8,000 guerrillas.
Location/Area of Operation
The Khmer Rouge operates in outlying provinces in Cambodia, particularly  
in pockets along the Thailand border.

External Aid
The Khmer Rouge is not currently receiving external assistance.
PKK (see Kurdistan Workers' Party)
Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine (PFLP)

Description
Marxist-Leninist group that is a member of the PLO founded in 1967 by  
George Habash. After Fatah, it is the most important military and  
political organization in the Palestinian movement. Advocates a Pan-Arab  
revolution. Opposes the Declaration of Principles signed in 1993 and has  
suspended participation in the PLO.

Activities
Committed numerous international terrorist attacks between 1970 and  
1977. Since the death in 1978 of Wadi Haddad, its terrorist planner,  
PFLP has carried out numerous attacks against Israeli or moderate Arab  
targets.

Strength
800.

Location/Area of Operation
Syria, Lebanon, Israel, and the occupied territories.

External Aid
Receives most of its financial and military assistance from Syria and  
Libya.


     Popular Front for the Liberation of PalestinevGeneral Command  
(PFLP-GC)

Description
Split from the PFLP in 1968, claiming that it wanted to focus more on  
fighting and less on politics. Violently opposed to Arafat's PLO. Led by  
Ahmad Jabril, a former captain in the Syrian Army. Closely allied with,  
supported by, and probably directed by Syria.

Activities
Claims to have specialized in suicide operations. Has carried out  
numerous cross-border terrorist attacks into Israel, using unusual  
means, such as hot-air balloons and motorized hang gliders. Hafiz Kassem  
Dalkamoni, a ranking PFLP-GC official, was convicted in Germany in June  
1991 for bombing US troop trains. He faces additional charges in Germany  
for other terrorist offenses, including manslaughter.

Strength
Several hundred.

Location/Area of Operation
Headquarters in Damascus with bases in Lebanon and cells in Europe.

External Aid
Receives logistic and military support from Syria, its chief sponsor.  
Financial support from Libya. Safehaven in Syria. Support also from  
Iran.


     Popular Front for the Liberation of PalestinevSpecial Command  
(PFLP-SC)

Description
Marxist-Leninist group formed by Abu Salim in 1979 after breaking away  
from the now defunct PFLPvSpecial Operations Group.

Activities
Has claimed responsibility for several notorious international terrorist  
attacks in Western Europe, including the bombing of a restaurant  
frequented by US servicemen in Torrejon, Spain, in April 1985. Eighteen  
Spanish civilians were killed in the attack.

Strength
50.

Location/Area of Operation
Operates out of southern Lebanon, in various areas of the Middle East,  
and in Western Europe.

External Aid
Probably receives financial and military support from Syria, Libya, and  
Iraq.


     Popular Struggle Front (PSF)

Description
Radical Palestinian terrorist group once closely involved in the Syrian-
dominated Palestinian National Salvation Front. Led by Dr. Samir  
Ghosheh. Rejoined the PLO in September 1991. Group is internally divided  
over the Declaration of Principles signed in 1993.

Activities
Terrorist attacks against Israeli, moderate Arab, and PLO targets.

Strength
Fewer than 300.

Location/Area of Operation
Mainly Syria and Lebanon, and elsewhere in the Middle East.

External Aid
Receives support from Syria and may now receive aid from the PLO.


     Provisional Irish Republican Army (PIRA)
a.k.a.: The Provos

Description
A radical terrorist group formed in 1969 as the clandestine armed wing  
of Sinn Fein, a legal political movement dedicated to removing British  
forces from Northern Ireland and unifying Ireland. Has a Marxist  
orientation. Organized into small, tightly knit cells under the  
leadership of the Army Council.

Activities
Bombings, assassinations, kidnappings, extortion, and robberies. Targets  
senior British Government officials, British military and police in  
Northern Ireland, and Northern Irish Loyalist paramilitary groups.  
PIRA's operations on mainland Britain have included  truck bombings  and   
bombing campaigns against train and subway stations and shopping areas.

Strength
Several hundred, plus several thousand sympathizers.

Location/Area of Operation
Northern Ireland, Irish Republic, Great Britain, and Western Europe.

External Aid
Has received aid from a variety of groups and countries and considerable  
training and arms from Libya and, at one time, the PLO. Also is  
suspected of receiving funds and arms from sympathizers in the United  
States. Similarities in operations suggest links to ETA.


     Red Army Faction (RAF)

Description
The small and disciplined RAF is the successor to the Baader-Meinhof  
Gang, which originated in the student protest movement in the 1960s.  
Ideology is an obscure mix of Marxism and Maoism; committed to armed  
struggle. Organized into hardcore cadres that carry out terrorist  
attacks and a network of supporters who provide logistic and propaganda  
support. Has survived despite numerous arrests of top leaders over the  
years.

Activities
Bombings, assassinations, kidnappings, and robberies. With decline of  
world Communism, has had trouble recruiting replacements for jailed  
members. Now concentrating on domestic targets, particularly officials  
involved in German or European unification and German security and  
justice officials. Carried out one operation in 1993, destroying a new  
prison with at least 400 pounds of commercial explosives. Police  
shootout with two members ended in death of GSG-9 officer and group  
member Wolfgang Grams. Group temporarily galvanized afterward. RAF has  
targeted US and NATO facilities in the past. During the Gulf war, RAF  
shot up US Embassy in Bonn with assault rifle rounds. There were no  
casualties.

Strength
10 to 20, plus several hundred supporters.

Location/Area of Operations
Germany.

External Aid
Self-sustaining, but during Baader-Meinhof period received support from  
Middle Eastern terrorists. East Germany gave logistic support,  
sanctuary, and training during the 1980s.


     Red Brigades (BR)

Description
Formed in 1969, the Marxist-Leninist BR seeks to create a revolutionary  
state through armed struggle and to separate Italy from the Western  
Alliance. In 1984 split into two factions: the Communist Combatant Party  
(BR-PCC) and the Union of Combatant Communists (BR-UCC).

Activities
Original group concentrated on assassination and kidnapping of Italian  
Government and private-sector targets; it murdered former Prime Minister  
Aldo Moro in 1978, kidnapped US Army Brig. Gen. James Dozier in 1981,  
and claimed responsibility for murdering Leamon Hunt, US chief of the  
Sinai Multinational Force and Observer Group, in 1984.

Strength
Probably fewer than 50, plus an unknown number of supporters.

Location/Area of Operation
Based and operates in Italy. Some members probably living clandestinely  
in other European countries.

External Aid
Currently unknown; original group apparently was self-sustaining but  
probably received weapons from other West European terrorist groups and  
from the PLO.


     Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia (FARC)

Description
Established in 1966 as military wing of Colombian Communist Party. Goal  
is to overthrow government and ruling class. Organized along military  
lines; includes at least one urban front.

Activities
Armed attacks against Colombian political and military targets. Many  
members have become criminals, carrying out kidnappings for profit and  
bank robberies. Foreign citizens often are targets of FARC kidnappings.  
Group traffics in drugs and has well-documented ties to  
narcotraffickers.

Strength
Approximately 4,500 to 5,500 armed combatants and an unknown number of  
supporters, mostly in rural areas.

Location/Area of Operation
Colombia.

External Aid
None.


     Revolutionary Organization 17 November (17 November)

Description
A radical leftist group established in 1975 and named for the November  
1973 student uprising protesting the military regime. Anti-US, anti-
Turkish, anti-NATO; committed to violent overthrow of the regime, ouster  
of US bases, removal of Turkish military presence from Cyprus, and  
severing of Greece's ties to NATO and the European Union (EU).  
Organization is obscure, possibly affiliated with other Greek terrorist  
groups.

Activities
Initial attacks were selected handgun assassinations of senior US  
officials, including US Embassy official Richard Welch in 1975 and US  
Navy Capt. George Tsantes in 1983. Began assassinating Greek officials  
and public figures in 1976 and added bombings, including attacks against  
US military buses in 1987 and assassination of US defense attache  
William Nordeen in 1988. Since 1990, has expanded targets to include EU  
facilities and foreign firms investing in Greece and added improvised  
rocket attacks to its methods. Such an attack against the Greek Finance  
Minister in 1992 killed a passer-by, 17 November's first ``civilian''  
casualty. In 1991 was responsible for at least five of the 15 terrorist  
attacks against Coalition targets in Greece during the Gulf war,  
including the assassination in March of a US Army sergeant. Also  
attacked two Turkish Embassy officials in 1991.  

Strength
Unknown, but presumed to be small.

Location/Area of Operation  
Greece, primarily in Athens metropolitan area.

External Aid
May receive support from other Greek terrorist group cadres.


     Sendero Luminoso (Shining Path, SL)

Description
Larger of Peru's two insurgencies, SL is among the world's most ruthless  
guerrilla organizations. Formed in the late 1960s by then university  
professor Abimael Guzman. Stated goal is to destroy existing Peruvian  
institutions and replace them with peasant revolutionary regime. Also  
wants to rid Peru of foreign influences. Guzman's capture in September  
1992 was a major blow, as were arrests of other SL leaders, defections,  
and President Fujimori's amnesty program for repentant terrorists.

Activities
SL engages in particularly brutal forms of terrorism, including the  
indiscriminate use of car bombs. Almost every institution in Peru has  
been a target of SL violence. Has bombed diplomatic missions of several  
countries represented in Peru. Carries out bombing campaigns and  
selective assassinations. Involved in cocaine trade.

Strength
Approximately 1,500 to 2,500 armed militants; larger number of  
supporters, mostly in rural areas.

Location/Area of Operation
Originally rural based, but has increasingly focused its terrorist  
attacks in the capital.

External Aid
None.


     17 November (see Revolutionary Organization 17 November)


     Sikh Terrorism

Description
Sikh terrorism is sponsored by expatriate and Indian Sikh groups who  
want to carve out an independent Sikh state called Khalistan (Land of  
the Pure) from Indian territory. Sikh violence outside India, which  
surged following the Indian Army's 1984 assault on the Golden Temple,  
Sikhism's holiest shrine, has decreased significantly since mid-1992,  
although Sikh militant cells are active internationally and extremists  
gather funds from overseas Sikh communities. Active groups include  
Babbar Khalsa, Azad Khalistan Babbar Khalsa Force, Khalistan Liberation  
Front, and Khalistan Commando Force.  Many of these groups operate under  
umbrella organizations, the most significant of which is the Second  
Panthic Committee.

Activities
Sikh attacks in India are mounted against Indian officials and  
facilities, other Sikhs, and Hindus; they include assassinations,  
bombings, and kidnappings. Sikh extremists probably bombed the Air India  
jet downed over the Irish Sea in June 1985, killing 329 passengers and  
crew. On the same day, a bomb planted by Sikhs on an Air India flight  
from Vancouver exploded in Tokyo's Narita Airport, killing two Japanese  
baggage handlers. In 1991, Sikh terrorists attempted to assassinate the  
Indian Ambassador in Romania once India's senior police officer in  
Punjab from 1986 to 1989 and kidnapped and held the Romanian Charge in  
New Delhi for seven weeks. In January 1993, Indian police arrested Sikhs  
in New Delhi as they were conspiring to detonate a bomb to disrupt  
India's Republic Day, and, in September 1993, Sikh militants attempted  
to assassinate the Sikh chief of the ruling Congress Party's youth wing  
with a bomb. Sikh attacks in India, ranging from kidnappings and  
assassinations to remote-controlled bombings, have dropped markedly  
since mid-1992, as Indian security forces have killed or captured a host  
of senior Sikh militant leaders. Total civilian deaths in Punjab have  
declined more than 95 percent since more than 3,300 civilians died in  
1991. The drop results largely from Indian Army, paramilitary, and  
police successes against extremist groups.

Strength
Unknown.

Location/Area of Operation
Northern India, Western Europe, Southeast Asia, and North America.

External Aid
Sikh expatriates have formed a variety of international organizations  
that lobby for the Sikh cause overseas. Most prominent are the World  
Sikh Organization and the International Sikh Youth Federation.


     Tupac Amaru Revolutionary Movement (MRTA)

Description
Traditional Marxist-Leninist revolutionary movement formed in 1983.  
Currently struggling to remain viable. Has suffered from defections and  
government counter-terrorist successes in addition to infighting and  
loss of leftist support. Objective remains to rid Peru of  
``imperialism'' and establish Marxist regime.

Activities
Bombings, kidnappings, ambushes, assassinations. Previously responsible  
for large number of anti-US attacks; recent activity has dropped off  
dramatically.

Strength
Unknown; greatly diminished in recent years.

Location/Area of Operation
Peru; provided assistance in Bolivia to Bolivian ELN.

External Aid
None.


     Tupac Katari Guerrilla Army (EGTK)

Description
Indigenous, anti-Western Bolivian subversive organization.

Activities
Frequently attacks small, unprotected targets, such as power pylons, oil  
pipelines, and government offices. Has targeted Mormon churches with  
firebombings and attacked USAID motorpool in January 1993.

Strength
Fewer than 100.

Location/Area of Operation
Bolivia, primarily the Chapare region, near the Peru border, and the  
Altiplano.

External Aid
None.



Appendix C
Statistical Review



Appendix D
International Terrorist Incidents, 1994

[Editorbs Note:  Appendixes C and D are not available in this electronic  
version of the report]

Department of State Publication 10239
Office of the Secretary
Office of the Coordinator for Counterterrorism

[END OF PATTERNS OF GLOBAL TERRORISM, 1994]
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