[01] G. Papandreoy: "Telos sta senaria peri prowrwn eklogwn kai sygkybernhsewn"

"Oi sygkliseis einai men aparaithtes, alla prepei na teleiwnoyn ta senaria, ypogrammise o prwqypoyrgos sth xqesinh synedriash toy ypoyrgikoy symboylioy.

"H senariologia poy epanerxetai dhmioyrgei ena klima poy, xwris logo, dhmioyrgei problhma kai sth doyleia mas. Qa einai egklhmatiko na mpoyme emeis se mia tetoia anypostath senariologia, eite peri eklogwn, eite peri sygkybernhsewn", tonise o G. Papandreoy.

O prwqypoyrgos xarakthrise ws "poly qetikh ejelijh" thn chfish toy nomosxedioy gia thn anwtath ekpaideysh apo th ND kai alles politikes dynameis, eyxomenos na thrhqei analogh stash kai se alla nomosxedia kai epishmainontas oti "h mpala einai twra sto ghpedo toys", kaqws emeis exoyme deijei kaqe diaqesh -kai th deixnoyme se kaqe eykairia- na dhmioyrgoyme eqnikes synennohseis".

O k. Papandreoy eipe oti ayth thn antilhch to PASOK thn eixe kai prin apo tis ekloges toy 2009 otan eixe kanei "poly megales prospaqeies ston xwro ths paideias, akoma kai ws antipoliteysh, gia na bohqhsoyme se synaineseis. Hmastan kai oi monoi nomizw, poy meiname ws komma tote kai stis diafores Epitropes poy yphrxan, para to gegonos oti h Nea Dhmokratia den proxwroyse me thn eyrythta ths skechs poy apaiteito".

"Se kaqe periptwsh, emeis exoyme deijei, kai ws antipoliteysh, alla kai ayth h kybernhsh, th boylhsh kai apofasistikothta mas. Na doyme, omws, an yparxei kai apo thn allh pleyra", eipe o prwqypoyrgos.

O k. Papandreoy sthn eishghsh toy ypogrammise thn anagkaiothta efarmoghs twn nomwn epishmainontas oti h xwra exei adynamoys qesmoys, gegonos to opoio, opws eipe, "diaxronika einai dialytiko gia thn eynomia, alla kai gia to aisqhma dikaioy, kaqws dhmioyrgei thn aisqhsh stoys polites oti oi nomoi poy chfizontai den efarmozontai aytomatws, h den efarmozontai genika, h efarmozontai merolhptikws yper toy enos kai oxi toy alloy kai oytw kaq' ejhs".

[02] Sta skaria prwtoporiako anthliako xapi apo korallia!

Episthmh - Bioxhmeia kai Ygeia: Sta skaria prwtoporiako anthliako xapi apo korallia!

Oi episthmones elpizoyn oti qa kataferoyn na ajiopoihsoyn tis fysikes amynes twn tropikwn koralliwn kata ths epiblaboys yperiwdoys hliakhs aktinobolias, etsi wste se liga xronia (to poly se pente) na kykloforhsei sthn agora ena prwtotypo anthliako xapi poy qa prostateyei toys anqrwpoys apo to kacimo toy hlioy.

Oi ereynhtes toy panepisthmioy King' s College toy Londinoy, me epikefalhs ton dra Pol Longk, se synergasia me aystraloys kai amerikanoys synadelfoys toys, ekanan epitopies ereynes ston megalo koralliogenh yfalo ths anatolikhs Aystralias, me stoxo na anakalycoyn tis genetikes kai bioxhmikes diadikasies poy xarizoyn sta korallia tis emfytes anthliakes idiothtes toys. Oi episthmones pisteyoyn oti einai pleon se qesh na antigracoyn me synqetiko tropo sto ergasthrio toys tis anthliakes oysies twn koralliwn kai na tis enswmatwsoyn sth synexeia se ena xapi.

Oi dokimes se anqrwpino derma anamenetai na arxisoyn mesa sthn epomenh dietia, symfwna me to BBC kai th bretanikh ``Telegkraf''. Prin thn paraskeyh enos anthliakoy xapioy, oi ereynhtes sxediazoyn na dhmioyrghsoyn mia anthliakh krema poy qa periexei tis anthliakes oysies twn koralliwn, omws o telikos stoxos einai ena xapi, to opoio qa parexei poly pio eykolh anthliakh prostasia se sxesh me thn xronobora epaleich me mia analogh krema. Den apokleioyn malista to xapi na parexei prostasia kai sta matia, opws ta gyalia hlioy!

Oi episthmones prokeitai na antigracoyn ton genetiko kwdika poy xrhsimopoioyn ta korallia gia na apokthsoyn tis anthliakes idiothtes toys kai, se epomeno stadio, qa eisagoyn aytes tis genetikes entoles se ergasthriaka bakthria, me stoxo ayta na anaparaxqoyn grhgora kai na paragoyn etsi megales posothtes apo thn epiqymhth anthliakh oysia.

Opws dhlwse o Longk, edw kai kapoio diasthma oi episthmones gnwrizan oti ta korallia kai merika fykia twn tropikwn perioxwn, parolo poy zoyn se rhxa nera kai synexws ``kaigontai'' apo ton hlio, prostateyontai apo thn entonh yperiwdh aktinobolia paragontas to diko toys ``anthliako'', omws mexri twra den hjeran me poio tropo na ajiopoihsoyn ayth th gnwsh. Oi ereynhtes telika anakalycan oti ta fykh poy zoyn mesa sta korallia paraskeyazoyn mia oysia, h opoia metaferetai sto koralli kai, sth synexeia, tropopoieitai katallhla apo ayto, wste na leitoyrgei ws anthliako, pros ofelos kai twn dyo organismwn taytoxrona.

Malista, oi episthmones exoyn parathrhsei oti akoma kai ta caria poy trefontai apo ta korallia, epwfeloyntai apo thn anthliakh prostasia, h opoia etsi eiserxetai sthn trofikh alysida.

Ayto, kata toys episthmones, shmainei oti piqanws oi anqrwpoi qa einai dynato na afomoiwsoyn ston organismo toys thn anthliakh prostasia toy dermatos toys, pairnontas ena xapi, anti na epaleifoyn ejwterikes kremes, an kai se prwth fash qa epidiwxqei h paragwgh mias anthliakhs losion apo korallia. Pros to paron kai mexri na ginoyn oi sxetikes klinikes dokimes, opws dhlwsan oi bretanoi episthmones, paramenei agnwsto poso megalh anthliakh prostasia mporoyn na prosferoyn ta korallia ston anqrwpo.

Mia allh idea einai na ajiopoihqoyn ta fysika anthliaka systatika twn koralliwn sto pedio ths agrotikhs biotexnologias, wste na dhmioyrghqoyn apodotikes gewrgikes kalliergeies anqektikes sthn yperiwdh aktinobolia, pragma poly xrhsimo eidika stis tropikes perioxes, kaqws qa ayjanotan qeamatika h posothta twn paragomenwn trofimwn.

Akoma, h nea ereyna asxoleitai me to pws h klimatikh allagh katastrefei (apoxrwmatizei) ta korallia, odhgwntas telika ston qanato toys. Otan h qermokrasia sta rhxa nera ayjhqei dyo ews treis baqmoys Kelsioy panw apo ton meso oro toy kalokairioy, tote ta fykh poy zoyn mesa sta korallia peqainoyn. Diaspatai, etsi, h zwtikh amoibaia epwfelhs symbiwtikh sxesh anamesa stoys dyo organismoys, me synepeia thn katastrofh kai twn koralliwn, mia ejelijh me tromeres epiptwseis sta qalassia oikosysthmata kai thn eyryterh trofikh alysida twn qalasswn. Oi bretanoi episthmones elpizoyn oti oi anthliakes meletes toys qa bohqhsoyn sthn kalyterh synthrhsh kai diaxeirish twn perioxwn me korallia.

[03] Paraxwrhsh ektasewn gia ependyseis anw twn 5 ekat. eyrw

Shmera h diaxeirish twn ektasewn toy ypoyrgeioy einai katakermatismenh se diafora dioikhtika organa kai ginetai me ton agrotiko kwdika poy kyrwqhke to 1949.

Apo tis shmantikoteres diatajeis toy nomosxedioy einai aytes poy aforoyn sth diaqesh enanti symbolikoy timhmatos, ektasewn se neoys agrotes h kthnotrofoys, sthn problech gia paraxwrhsh agrotikhs ghs gia ylopoihsh ependysewn anw twn 5 ekat. eyrw, alla kai oi ``titloi teloys'' poy epiteloys mpainoyn gia tis katapathmenes ektaseis armodiothtas toy.

Paraxwrhsh agrotikhs ghs se neoys paragwgoys, akthmones k.a.

H paraxwrhsh twn ektasewn qa ginetai me apofash toy Perifereiarxh, meta apo gnwmh epitrophs poy qa systaqei se epipedo perifereias. Me to sxedio nomoy problepetai h dynatothta dwrean paraxwrhshs ths xrhshs se gewrgoys kai kthnotrofoys poy de diaqetoyn gewrgikh h boskhsimh gh. Epipleon gia toys apasxoloymenoys sto prwtogenh tomea, poy de diaqetoyn akinhth perioysia problepetai h dwrean paraxwrhsh kata kyriothta oikopedwn se agrotikoys oikismoys xwris toyristikh kai oikopedikh ajia. Ta krithria, oi proypoqeseis, to ycos toy misqwmatos qa tiqentai me apofash toy ypoyrgoy.

Me bash to epoikistiko toy arxeio to ypoyrgeio Agrotikhs Anaptyjhs exei katalhjei stis legomenes ``kaqares'' ektaseis se olh thn Ellada ki afoy epanelegxqoyn apo tis Perifereies, qa jekinhsei h diadikasia diaqeshs toys. Oi pros paraxwrhsh ektaseis qa anaferontai se eidiko diadiktyako topo toy ypoyrgeioy, opoy oi endiaferomenoi qa mporoyn na aitoyntai tis perioxes poy epiqymoyn.

Oi prwtes ektimhseis miloyn gia diaqesh peripoy 3 ekat. stremmatwn, ariqmos poy mporei omws na metablhqei meta kai ton teliko elegxo twn Perifereiwn. To timhma enoikiashs qa einai symboliko, peri ta 5 eyrw to stremma enw to programma qa jekinhsei sto epomeno dekapenqhmero apo toys nomoys Hmaqias, Pierias, Kilkis kai Qessalonikhs.

Paraxwrhsh agrotikhs ghs gia ependyseis anw twn 5 ekat. Eyrw

Sthn periptwsh poy yparxoyn ependytikes protaseis anaptyjiakoy xarakthra anw twn 5 ekat. Eyrw, tote h armodiothta paraxwrhshs xrhshs anhkei ston ypoyrgo Agrotikhs Anaptyjhs kai Trofimwn kai to tyxon synarmodio ypoyrgo. Me sxetikh apofash qa kaqorizontai oi oroi kai oi diadikasies kai fysika sthn periptwsh ayth to timhma den qa einai symbolikoy xarakthra. Ektimatai oti yparxoyn perissoteres apo deka megales ektaseis, panta toy ypoyrgeioy Agrotikhs Anaptyjhs kai Trofimwn poy qa mporoysan na ``filojenhsoyn'' megales ependyseis. Gia ependyseis twra, mikroteres twn 5 ekat. Eyrw h armodiothta anhkei ston Perifereiarxh.

Telos sthn armodiothta toy ypoyrgoy kai tyxon allwn synarmodiwn ypoyrgwn qa einai kai h paraxwrhsh kata xrhsh, dwrean, ktiriakwn egkatastasewn kai ektasewn sto dhmosio kai stoys OTA gia koinwfeleis skopoys.

Se chfiakh bash dedomenwn oles oi ektaseis toy Ypoyrgeioy

Me to nomosxedio dhmioyrgeitai chfiakh bash dedomenwn ston OPEKEPE, poy qa employtizetai me kaqe plhroforia sxetika me tis ektaseis toy Ypoyrgeioy (apallotriwseis, rymotomies, prajeis ekmisqwshs - paraxwrhshs, xrhseis ghs, anadasmoys, khryjeis arxaiologikwn xwrwn). Gia to skopo ayto qa xreiastei h synergasia twn armodiwn yphresiwn kai twn allwn ypoyrgeiwn. H bash ayth qa apotelesei xrhsimo odhgo gia thn katartish toy Agrotikoy Kthmatologioy, meta kai thn oloklhrwsh ton Oktwbrio toy Mhtrwoy Agrotwn.

Me th bash dedomenwn epixeireitai h diaxysh ths plhroforias sxetika me th gh. Shmera, h plhroforia ayth paramenei apospasmatikh kai katakermatismenh, dhmioyrgwntas xronobores grafeiokratikes diadikasies gia thn ejeyresh toy pragmatikoy kai nomikoy kaqestwtos, sto opoio telei mia ektash. Kai toyto dioti ta kthmatologika stoixeia twn ektasewn toy Ypoyrgeioy throyntai sta Tmhmata Epoikismoy - Anadasmoy kai Topografias twn Perifereiakwn Enothtwn ths xwras alla ekdidontai prajeis apo diafores kratikes yphresies, poy allazoyn th xrhsh ghs, thn ypagoyn se prostateytiko kaqestws klp., xwris ayth h plhroforia na katagrafetai apo to Ypoyrgeio.

H prostasia twn ektasewn

Me to sxedio nomoy h prostasia twn ektasewn ypagetai se deyterobaqmia Epitroph poy leitoyrgei se epipedo Apokentrwmenhs Dioikhshs, opoy metajy allwn qa symmetexoyn ekproswpos toy Nomikoy Symboylioy toy kratoys kai enas politikos mhxanikos. Oi problepomenes kyrwseis epiballontai apo thn Epitroph ayth xwris th parembash airetoy organoy. Oi kyrwseis poy problepontai ginontai pio aysthres (problepontai kai poinikes kyrwseis), wste na leitoyrgoyn apotreptika gia toys epidojoys katapathtes.

Ti problepetai gia tis katapathmenes ektaseis toy ypoyrgeioy

Me thn en logw nomoqetikh prwtoboylia epilyontai oristika idiokthsiaka zhthmata metajy toy Dhmosioy (gia tis ektaseis poy einai armodiothtas toy Ypoyrgeioy) kai idiwtwn, me tropo poy na diasfalizei thn ish metaxeirish twn politwn, kaqws kai thn eisprajh esodwn gia to Dhmosio apo periptwseis ayqairetwn katoxwn, sxedon eikosaetias kai pleon. Ws shmeio anaforas gia thn nomimh h mh katoxh twn ektasewn kai th dynatothta ejagoras toys tiqetai h 5.6.1993, xroniko orio, poy eixe, hdh, teqei me to arqr. 5 toy n. 3147/2003, to opoio, epishs, proeblepe th dynatothta ejagoras katexomenwn ektasewn.

Etsi loipon, se osoys idiokthtes diaqetoyn epishmoys titloys (paraxwrhthria, symbolaiografikes prajeis k.a.) gia ektaseis poy apekthsan prin to 1993 kai argotera diapistwqhke oti o arxikos katoxos toys tis eixe katapathsei, to Dhmosio tis paraxwrei oristika. Sthn periptwsh poy den yparxoyn epishmoi titloi, dinetai h dynatothta ejagoras toys me bash ta osa problepei o nomos.

Me ton tropo ayto qa lyqoyn xronia problhmata poy yparxoyn se perioxes opws h Nea Xilh Nomoy Ebroy kai h Manwlada Hleias, opoy se prwhn pia agrotikes ektaseis, exoyn kataskeyastei akinhta.

Twra, se periptwseis ekdosews Ypoyrgikwn Apofasewn kata ta parelqonta eth bash twn opoiwn paraxwrhqhkan se katapathtes enanti symbolikoy timhmatos ektaseis, to timhma pleon gia th diathrhsh toys anaprosarmozetai sto ycos ths antikeimenikhs ajias. Tetoies periptwseis apantwntai akomh kai ston nomo Attikhs opws sthn perioxh Jyrokeriza kai Boyrba.

Gia ta katapathmena meta to 1993, den yparxei apolytws kamia problech kai osoi paranomws ta katexoyn qa prepei na ta egkataleicoyn.

Na shmeiwqei oti to ypoyrgeio Agrotikhs Anaptyjhs kai Trofimwn den exei dwsei akomh sth dhmosiothta ton akribh ariqmo twn katapathmenwn ektasewn. Wstoso qa prepei na ektimwntai se xiliades stremmata.

Telos, aposafhnizetai to idiokthsiako kaqestws twn kthnotrofikwn ektasewn kai orizetai oti kthnotrofoi, poy apokatastaqhkan, kata to parelqon, me tis diatajeis ths epoikistikhs nomoqesias, exoyn mono dikaiwma xrhshs gia boskhsh.

Ti allo problepei to nomosxedio

Katargoyntai (endeiktika o Agrotikos Kwdikas) h tropopoioyntai diatajeis me skopo thn meiwsh ths grafeiokratias, th meiwsh toy leitoyrgikoy kostoys twn yphresiwn, thn aposafhnish armodiothtwn metajy kratikwn kai aytodioikhtikwn yphresiwn. Epishs, h armodiothta twn dasikwn epoikistikwn ektasewn perierxetai sto Ypoyrgeio Periballontos kai Klimatikhs allaghs, katargoymenhs kaqe diatajhs poy ryqmizei diaforetika to qema diaxeirishs toys, me skopo thn eniaia ryqmish olwn twn dasikwn ektasewn ths xwras. Telos ikanopoieitai pagio aithma twn agrotwn ths xwras kai oi agrotikes misqwseis ypagontai sto prostateytiko kaqestws twn emporikwn misqwsewn me elaxisto xroniko orio prostasias ta eji xronia.

[04] Deigmatolhptikoi elegxoi stoys fakeloys me tis apodeijeis dapanwn

Krithrio gia thn epilogh twn elegxwn qa apotelesei h analogia toy posoy twn apodeijewn se sxesh me to poso toy eisodhmatos poy exei dhlwqei. Etsi, osoi ypebalan apodeijeis megalhs ajias, h opoia den synadei me to ycos twn dhlwqentwn eisodhmatwn h lambanoyn megales epistrofes foroy, qa breqoyn antimetwpoi me ton elegxo. To deigma poy qa elegxqei qa prosdiorisqei ws ejhs: -Gia tis DOY poy paralambanoyn se ethsia bash ews 10.000 dhlwseis forologias eisodhmatos 50 fakeloys apodeijewn, ews 20.000 dhlwseis 100 fakeloys, ews 30.000 dhlwseis forologias eisodhmatos 200 fakeloys apodeijewn, enw gia panw apo 30.000 dhlwseis forologias eisodhmatos 300 fakeloys apodeijewn.

To deigma twn fakelwn me apodeijeis poy qa epilegei qa elegxqei kai efoson paroysiastoyn shmantikes apokliseis apo ta anagrafomena stoys fakeloys aytoys twn poswn twn apodeijewn, qa epilegei kai deytero deigma gia elegxo. Se antiqeth periptwsh oi fakeloi poy exoyn epilegei gia elegxo kai exoyn elegxqei mazi me toys ypoloipoys fakeloys qa paradoqoyn gia anakyklwsh, se synergasia me ton Dhmo opoy brisketai h kaqe DOY. Parallhla, elegxoi sxediazontai kai gia osoys ypebalan hlektronika tis dhlwseis toys.

Ejalloy, me allh egkyklio pros tis Efories, to ypoyrgeio Oikonomikwn edwse entoles gia amesh apostolh twn efetinwn forologikwn dhlwsewn poy briskontai akoma stis DOY. Sthn egkyklio epishmainetai oti efetos exei parathrhqei shmantikh kaqysterhsh sthn apostolh twn forologikwn dhlwsewn poy ypoblhqhkan xeirografa kai taxydromika stis Efories, me apotelesma na kaqysterei kai h diadikasia ekkaqarishs kai eisprajhs dhmosiwn esodwn.

[05] To stres twn goniwn afhnei "shmadia" sta gonidia twn paidiwn toys

Oi ereynhtes, me epikefalhs ton kaqhghth iatrikhs genetikhs Maikl Kompor toy panepisthmioy ths Bretanikhs Kolombias kai toy Institoytoy Ereynwn gia to Paidi kai thn Oikogeneia, poy dhmosieysan th sxetikh meleth sto periodiko gia qemata anaptyjhs twn paidiwn ?Child Development?, melethsan deigmata DNA apo paidia. Katelhjan sto symperasma oti oso megalytero htan to stres (kataqlich, oikogeneiako agxos, oikonomika problhmata k.a.) metajy twn gonewn kata ta prwta tessera xronia zwhs enos paidioy, toso megalytero htan to pososto meqyliwshs sto genetiko kwdika toy (DNA), otan pia to paidi eixe ginei efhbos.

H meqyliwsh apotelei kentriko systatiko ths epigenetikhs, dhladh ths tropopoihmenhs ekfrashs twn gonidiwn enos anqrwpoy meta th gennhsh toy, ypo thn ephreia toy fysikoy kai koinwnikoy periballontos toy. Kata thn meqyliwsh, mia xhmikh omada proskollatai se tmhmata toy DNA, leitoyrgwntas ws ``diakopths'' poy metaballei thn ekfrash kai drash enos gonidioy. H epigenetikh erxetai na epanaprosdiorisei tis arxikes entoles poy periexei o genetikos kwdikas enos anqrwpoy kata th gennhsh toy, xarh sthn klhronomikothta toy.

H ereyna diapistwse oti, oson afora tis epigenetikes allages sta paidia, to agxos ths mhteras paizei megalytero rolo apo to agxos toy patera toso sta agoria oso kai sta koritsia, enw to agxos toy patera exei pio barynoysa shmasia, se sxesh me to agxos ths mhteras, kyriws sta koritsia. Etsi, genikotera, o rolos toy stres sthn mhtera einai shmantikoteros apo ayton toy patera, anaforika me tis katopines allages sta gonidia twn paidiwn toys. H meleth deixnei oti to stres ths mhteras epiferei perissoteres epigenetikes allages sta paidia, otan ayto yparxei kyriws kata th nhpiakh hlikia twn teleytaiwn, idiaitera kata to prwto etos ths zwhs toys. Antiqeta, h epigenetikh epidrash toy patera fainetai na einai megalyterh kata thn meta-nhpiakh hlikia toy paidioy, dhladh ston trito h tetarto xrono ths zwhs twn paidiwn.

Opws eipe o Kompor, h nea ereyna parexei thn prwth apodeijh oti oi anapodies kai ta agxh sthn proswpikh zwh twn goniwn, kata th diarkeia ths prosxolikhs periodoy twn paidiwn toys, ``odhgei se diakrites metaboles sto ?epigonidiwma? toys, metrhsimes panw apo mia dekaetia argotera. Ayto kyriolektika mas deixnei ena mhxanismo mesw toy opoioy oi empeiries eisxwroyn sto derma mas, gia na mas syntrofeysoyn gia mia makra xronikh periodo'', isws kai gia olh thn ypoloiph zwh toy paidioy.

Opws tonisan oi ereynhtes, h nea meleth epibebaiwnei me biologiko tropoy ayto poy einai gnwsto apo alles ereynes, oti ta prwta xronia ths zwhs einai krisima gia ti qa symbei se ena anqrwpo argotera sth zwh toy. Metajy allwn, ejhgei giati ta paidia apo oikogeneies anwteroy koinwniko-oikonomikoy epipedoy, poy synhqws exoyn ligotera agxh, diaqetoyn sthn katopinh zwh toys genika kalyterh ygeia.

[06] H aypnia plhttei to 23% twn Amerikanwn

\"Oi shmantikes epiptwseis ths aypnias sth zwh twn Amerikanwn mas prokalei megalh ekplhjh\", ypogrammizei o Dr Ronalt Kesler, eidikeymenos sthn cyxiatrikh epidhmiologia, apo thn Iatrikh Sxolh toy panepisthmioy toy Xarbarnt, epikefalhs ths ereynas.

\"To problhma ayto einai ypobaqmismeno: oi ergazomeno den leipoyn apo thn doyleia toys logw ths aypnias, alla ergazontai koyrasmenoi kai ayto toys kanei ligotero paragwgikoys\", ejhgei o idios.

\"Se mia toso...hlektronikh oikonomia, h elleich ypnoy den mporei para na exei shmantikes epiptwseis sthn paragwgikothta\", epishmainei o Dr Kesler.

Sthn ereyna, poy dhmosieyetai sthn iatrikh epiqewrhsh Sleep, symmeteixan 7.428 ergazomenoi se oles tis HPA.

Apo thn ereyna prokyptei oti h xronia elleich ypnoy einai poly mikroterh anamesa stoys ergazomenoys anw twn 65 etwn.

Telos, h aypnia einai syxnoterh stis ergazomenes gynaikes (27,1% toy synoloy) se sxesh me toys antres (19,7%).

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