[01] K.Shmiths gia to DNT

O k. Shmiths aporriptei thn apoch oti h Ellada badize edw kai dekaeties sto DNT: ``Giati den phge to 1949 h Ellada sto DNT, amesws meta ton Polemo kai ton Emfylio; Giati den phge to 1985; Phge twra ejaitias toy kathforoy poy akoloyqhse meta to 2004 kai ejaitias toy ektroxiasmoy meta to 2007.''

Para tis synqhkes, o prwhn prwqypoyrgos dhlwnei aisiodojos tonizontas oti "o ellhnikos laos exei th dynatothta na ta kataferei kai to exei apodeijei polles fores sto parelqon, opws to 1985, opws to 1996".

[02] Apebiwse o syntagmatologos D. Tsatsos

O kaqhghths D. Tsatsos gennhqhke sthn Aqhna to 1933 kai htan gios toy boyleyth twn Fileleyqerwn kai toy Dhmokratikoy Sosialistikoy Kommatos Qemistoklh Tsatsoy.

To 1958, apofoithse me arista apo th Nomikh Sxolh Aqhnwn kai sth synexeia yphrethse th stratiwtikh toy qhteia sto Tmhma Diabibasewn.

To 1961, anakhryxqhke didaktwr toy panepisthmioy ths Aqhnas, enw ergazotan hdh ws epimelhths sto Panepisthmio ths Xaidelberghs sto opoio paremeine tria xronia.

To 1964, yphrje ereynhths toy Syntagmatikoy Dikaioy sto Institoyto Maj Plank ews to 1966, ypeyqynos gia th meleth toy syntagmatikoy kaqestwtos ths Aystrias, ths Elladas kai ths Kyproy.

To 1968, h diktatoria twn syntagmatarxwn ton brhke sthn Ellada. H xoynta den toy edwse adeia na didajei sto Panepisthmio ths Aqhnas opoy eixe eklegei yfhghths.

H ajia toy omws anagnwrizetai sth Dysh opoy anakhryxqhke yfhghths sto Panepisthmio ths Bonnhs.

To 1969, egine monimos kaqhghths sto panepisthmio ths Bonnhs opoy didaske ews to 1973. Sto metajy ejelegh kaqhghths toy Syntagmatikoy Dikaioy sto Panepisthmio ths Qessalonikhs alla den dioristhke logw toy diktatorikoy kaqestwtos.

Ton Martio toy 1973, synelhfqh kai krathqhke stis fylakes ths ESA gia tesseris mhnes mazi me toys A. Peponh, D. Marwnith, K. Alabano kai P. Pagkalo.

Apeleyqerwqhke me thn amnhstia poy edwse h ''lysh Markezinh''.

To 1974, symmeteixe ws yfypoyrgos Paideias sthn kybernhsh Eqnikhs Enothtas.

Kata th diarkeia ths trimhnhs peripoy paroysias toy sto ypoyrgeio phre apofaseis gia thn kaqarsh twn panepisthmiwn apo toys synergates ths diktatorias, th sygkrothsh epitrophs gia th syntajh toy prwtoy nomoy-plaisio gia ta Anwtata Ekpaideytika Idrymata kai th qesmoqethsh ths prwths morfhs foithtikhs symmetoxhs sth dioikhsh twn AEI.

Meta to telos ths ypoyrgikhs toy qhteias anelabe thn kaqhghtikh toy edra sto Panepisthmio ths Qessalonikhs.

Ejelegh boyleyths gia prwth fora stis ekloges ths 17hs Noembrioy 1974 me to chfodeltio ths EK/ND (Enwsh Kentroy/Nees Dynameis).

Stis 7 Ioylioy 1976, diagrafhke kai apoxwrhse apo thn Enwsh Kentroy, enw stis 23 Ioylioy kateqese sto proedreio ths Boylhs dhlwsh anejarthsias.

To 1977, eixe thn prwtoboylia gia thn idrysh ths ''Symmaxias twn Aristerwn kai Proodeytikwn Dynamewn'' h opoia den stefthke apo eklogikh epityxia afoy to sxhma ejeleje mono enan boyleyth, ton H. Hlioy.

To 1980, meteklhqh sto Panteio Panepisthmio gia thn edra toy Syntagmatikoy Dikaioy, h opoia eixe kenwqei meta thn apoxwrhsh toy kaqhghth G. Daskalakh.

Mazi me ton A. Manesh kai ton G. Daskalakh idryse thn Enwsh Ellhnwn Syntagmatologwn.

Ton Febroyario toy 1988, h polh ths Skiaqoy, ton anakhryje epitimo dhmoth ths.

Thn idia xronia ejelegh proedros ths Enwshs Ellhnwn Syntagmatologwn kai epanejelegh to 1990.

To 1992, egine melos toy PASOK kai to Septembrio toy 1993, enocei twn eklogwn ths 10hs Oktwbrioy, dhlwse oti sthrizei to PASOK, alla aperrice thn periptwsh na politeytei h na symmetasxei meteklogika se opoiadhpote kybernhtikh drash.

Stis eyrwekloges ths 12hs Ioynioy 1994 htan epikefalhs toy chfodeltioy toy PASOK kai ejelegh gia prwth fora eyrwboyleyths, qesh sthn opoia epanejelegh to 1999.

To ''Politistiko Forum Eyrwph'' toy apeneime to politistiko brabeio gia to 1995, anagnwrizontas thn politikh toy strateysh, toys agwnes toy gia th dhmokratia, th symmetoxh toy se dhmokratikes syntagmatikes metarryqmiseis kai tis prospaqeies toy gia th qesmikh ananewsh ths Eyrwphs.

To Dekembrio toy 2001, anagoreyqhke omofwna epitimos didaktoras ths Nomikhs Sxolhs Qessalonikhs.

Ton Aprilio toy 2002, timhqhke apo th Germania se eidikh teleth sto Eyrwpaiko Koinoboylio me to Megalostayro toy Tagmatos ths Ajias gia thn episthmonikh toy drasthriothta kai thn prwtoboylia toy gia thn kalytereysh twn ellhnogermanikwn sxesewn.

To Maio toy 2002, paroysiase to biblio ''Eyrwpaikh Sympoliteia'' (ekd. Kastaniwths).

To Noembrio toy 2003, anagoreythke epitimos kaqhghths toy Germanikoy kai Eyrwpaikoy Dikaioy ths Nomikhs Sxolhs toy Panepisthmioy toy Ntiselntorf.

K. Papoylias

Th qlich toy gia ton qanato toy syntagmatologoy Dhmhtrh Tsatsoy ejefrase o Proedros ths Dhmokratias Karolos Papoylias. ``Oi agwnes toy gia thn Dhmokratia, h anidiotelhs toy agaph gia thn patrida kai h episthmonikh toy prosfora einai polytimes parakataqhkes poy klhrodotei toso se ekeinoys poy eixan thn tyxh opws kai egw, na ton gnwrisoyn proswpika, alla kai se oloys'', shmeiwse sto syllyphthrio mhnyma toy o k. Papoylias.

G. Papandreoy

Thn baqeia lyph toy gia ton qanato toy syntagmatologoy Dhmhtrh Tsatsoy ejefrase me dhlwsh toy o prwqypoyrgos Giwrgos Papandreoy. ``Elaxistoi sthn Ellada synebalan me toso katalytiko tropo sthn empedwsh ths Dhmokratias kai sthn ejelijh ths episthmhs, ths dianohshs kai toy politikoy logoy, oso o Dhmhtrhs Tsatsos. H proswpikothta kai to ergo toy, allwste, jeperasan edw kai dekaeties ta synora ths xwras mas kai anagnwristhkan apo to synolo ths eyrwpaikhs kai dieqnoys politikhs kai akadhmaikhs koinothtas'', anaferei sth dhlwsh toy o prwqypoyrgos kai symplhrwnei:

``H dhmokratikh paratajh qrhnei enan gnhsio agwnisth yper twn anqrwpinwn, koinwnikwn kai politikwn dikaiwmatwn. Oi proodeytikes eyrwpaikes dynameis enan apo toys pio katartismenoys yperaspistes ths politikhs kai dhmokratikhs embaqynshs toy eyrwpaikoy egxeirhmatos.

Oloi mas, osoi eixame thn tyxh na ton gnwrisoyme proswpika alla kai osoi ton gnwrisan mesa apo to ergo toy, exoyme plhrh epignwsh ths apwleias toy.

To ergo toy, mia pragmatikh Biblos dhmokratikwn ajiwn, qa apotelei panta pyjida sthn poreia toy politikoy bioy ths xwras.

Sthn oikogeneia toy ekfrazw thn baqeia lyph moy kai ta eilikrinh moy syllyphthria''.

Ey. Benizelos

``H apwleia gia emena einai proswpikh. Ayto omws den syskotizei thn krish moy. O qanatos toy Dhmhtrh Tsatsoy synista eqnikh apwleia, idiws thn periodo ayth'' dhlwse o ypoyrgos Eqnikhs Amynas Eyagelos Benizelos kai prosqese: ``H fysikh siwph toy qa anadeiknyei apo twra kai sto ejhs to megeqos kai thn poiothta toy ergoy kai ths proswpikothtas toy. Oi maqhtes kai filoi toy qrhnoyme kai apoxairetoyme enan spanio anqrwpo gia thn sxesh me ton opoion eimaste tyxeroi kai yperhfanoi''.

N. Kaklamanhs

O dhmarxos Aqhnaiwn N. Kaklamanhs shmeiwse oti o Dhmhtrios Tsatsos, ``me tis dhmosies parembaseis, ton mesto toy logo kai thn rhjikeleyqh skech, jepernoyse ta eskammena ths episthmhs toy kai dieyryne toys orizontes ths politikhs kai ths koinwnias mas. Stoys oikeioys toy ekfrazw ta eilikrinh moy syllyphthria''.

[03] Ekstrateia gia thn kaqariothta

Se dhlwseis toy o Antidhmarxos Kaqariothtas kai Periballontos Giwrgos Dhmopoylos tonise ta ejhs: ``Jekina apo shmera mia oloklhrwmenh drash se oloys toy dhmosioys xwroys, kyriws parka kai pezodromoys, gia thn enhmerwsh kai eyaisqhtopoihsh twn dhmotwn sxetika me thn kaqariothta ths polhs mas. Me th bohqeia eqelontwn politwn kai maqhtwn, moirazoyme eidika enhmerwtika fylladia gia toys sympolites mas poy exoyn katoikidia zwa kai toys enhmerwnoyme gia tis eidikes tempeles shmanshs kai ta eidika koytia poy exei topoqethsei o Dhmos Aqhnaiwn se perissotera apo 400 shmeia ths polhs. Mesa se ayta ta koytia mporoyn na broyn sakoyles gia thn perisyllogh twn perittwmatwn poy afhnoyn pisw toys ta katoikidia toys. Pisteyoyme oti pisw apo kaqe oikosito zwo brisketai enas politismenos poliths kai oxi enas aneyqynos idiokthths''.

[04] Ekloges se Aystria kai Oyggaria

Ta eklogika kentra qa anoijoyn stis 07:00 topikh wra (08:00 wra Elladas) kai qa kleisoyn tis portes toys stis 17:00 (18:00 wra Elladas). Ta prwta apotelesmata anamenontai dyo wres argotera.

An h epaneklogh toy Xaints Fiser, 71 etwn, gia mia deyterh ejaeth qhteia den tiqetai en amfibolw --oi dhmoskophseis toy dinoyn pososto metajy 80 kai 82% twn chfwn--, h prosoxh qa strafei sto pososto ths Rozenkrants, kaqws h akrodejia exei shmeiwsei megalh anodo se oles tis eklogikes anametrhseis meta tis boyleytikes ekloges toy 2008.

H Mparmpara Rozenkrants, 51 etwn, pistwnetai me 13 ews 16% twn chfwn stis dhmoskophseis poy dhmosieyqhkan mia ebdomada prin apo thn chfoforia.

'Enas tritos ypochfios, o Royntolf Gkeringk, 61 etwn, epikefalhs toy Xristianikoy Kommatos (CPO), den anamenetai na sygkentrwsei para 4 ews 5%.

O proedros ths Aystrias exei kyriws timhtiko kai hqiko rolo, wstoso einai o monos hgeths poy eklegetai apeyqeias apo toys polites.

Diorizei ton kagkelario, analoga me ta apotelesmata twn boyleytikwn eklogwn, poy einai twra o Sosialdhmokraths Berner Faiman, o opoios hgeitai apo ta telh toy 2008 mias kybernhshs megaloy synaspismoy me toys synthrhtikoys toy OVP.

H proeklogikh ekstrateia qa ejelissotan sxedon xwris na ginei antilhpth an den yphrxan ta amfilegomena sxolia ths Mparmpara Rozenkrats.

H hgeria ths akrodejias dhlwse pws einai yper mias metarryqmishs ths nomoqesias poy apagoreyei tis nazistikes kai aporriptikes diasthriothtes, me to prosxhma toy sebasmoy ths eleyqerias ths ekfrashs. Ektimhse etsi pws h arnhsh toy Olokaytwmatos apo enan boyleyth toy kommatos ths eixe sxesh mono me aythn thn "eleyqeria ths ekfrashs". Anagkasthke sth synexeia na anakalesei tis dhlwseis ths epeita apo epikriseis akoma kai stoys kolpoys toy FPO.

Ekloges kai sthn Oyggaria

Oi Oyggroi chfoforoi arxisan na chfizoyn shmera to prwi me to anoigma twn eklogikwn tmhmatwn, stis 06:00 topikh wra (07:00 wra Elladas), gia to deytero gyro twn boyleytikwn eklogwn.

O prwtos gyros, stis 11 Aprilioy, eixe dwsei megalh pleiochfia sth dejia antipoliteysh toy kommatos Fidesz toy Biktor Ormpan me 52,77% twn chfwn kai 206 edres se synolo 386 toy eqnikoy koinoboylioy.

Epibebaiwse epishs thn istorikh eisodo ths akrodejias sto koinoboylio me to komma Jobbik (16,71% twn chfwn) kai thn kataptwsh twn sosialistwn (19,29%) epeita apo oktw xronia diakybernhshs, opws eixan problecei oi dhmoskophseis.

Ena tetarto komma, to LMP ths oikologikhs aristeras, poy idryqhke to 2009, diasfalise epishs thn ekproswphsh toy exontas ejasfalisei to 7,48% twn chfwn ston prwto gyro.

To diakybeyma toy deyteroy gyroy einai kata poson to Fidesz qa apokthsei mono toy thn pleiochfia twn dyo tritwn twn edrwn poy qa toy anoijei to dromo gia syntagmatikes metarryqmiseis. Kata th diarkeia ths proeklogikhs estrateias toy Fidesz me to synqhma "To Fidesz mono toy" kai "Twra h pote", o Biktor Ormpan eixe pei pws oses perissoteres chfoys parei "toso pio grhgora h xwra qa bgei apo thn krish".

Ta eklogika tmhmata qa kleisoyn tis portes toys stis 19:00 topikh wra (20:00 wra Elladas) kai ta prwta merika apotelesmata aytoy toy deyteroy gyroy anamenontai gyrw stis 22:00 topikh wra (23:00 wra Elladas).

[05] H meleth toy egkefaloy kai ta mystika ths anagnwshs

To neo diepisthmoniko pedio aixmhs, poy brisketai se fash taxeias anaptyjhs, meleta erwthmata opws to kata poson kai me poio tropo ta shmantika logotexnika keimena mporoyn na ephreasoyn kai na allajoyn th neyrwnikh ``kalwdiwsh'' toy egkefaloy h to giati aresei toso poly stoys anqrwpoys na diabazoyn.

Sthn prwtoporia toy neoy reymatos, symfwna me ton bretaniko ``Observer'', brisketai h ereynhtikh omada Yale-Haskins Teagle Collegium, me epikefalhs ton kaqhghth filologias toy panepisthmioy Giehl Maikl Xolkbist. Opws to eqese o idios, prokeitai gia ``mia omada episthmonwn poy pernane olh mera sto ergasthrio kai mia omada filologwn anqrwpistwn poy einai baqeia afosiwmenoi sthn ypoqesh ths logotexnias''.

H mikth neyroepisthmonikh-filologikh omada etoimazei mesa sto 2010 ena peirama, sto opoio mia omada eqelontwn foithtwn qa klhqoyn na diabasoyn mia seira apo epilegmena keimena (toy Marsel Proyst, ths Birtzinia Goylf, toy Xenri Tzehms k.a.) kai sth synexeia o egkefalos toys qa ``skanaristei'' se kapoio nosokomeiako ergasthrio gia na ``xartografhqoyn'' oi neyrologikes epiptwseis ths anagnwshs. To peirama basizetai sthn ypoqesh (poy qa prepei na epibebaiwqei me to peirama) oti o anqrwpinos egkefalos antidra diaforetika sthn ``megalh'' logotexnia se sygkrish me thn anagnwsh mias aplhs efhmeridas h twn bibliwn toy ``Xari Poter''.

``H anagnwsh einai apolytws bkalwdiwmenhb ston egkefalo mas. Yparxoyn egkefalika kyttara poy antidroyn sthn anagnwsh kai mporoyme na ta melethsoyme'', dhlwse o kaqhghths neyroepisthmhs toy Imperial College toy Londinoy Ritsarnt Goyaiz. H proseggish ayth asfalws jenizei se ena tomea opws h logotexnia, poy mexri twra oysiastika exei diathrhsei to ``abato'' toy kai exei krathqei makria apo tis ejelijeis twn qetikwn episthmwn. Oi kata kairoys nees qewries ston xwro ths filologias (p.x. marjistikh h feministikh kritikh, stroyktoyralismos h meta-stroyktoyralismos k.a.) exoyn prokycei ws synepeia newn qewriwn se alles ``malakes'' koinwnikes kai anqrwpistikes episthmes (cyxanalysh, anqrwpologia, koinwniologia, oikonomia klp.), alla oxi stis ``sklhres'' qetikes episthmes.

Ta logotexnika erga exoyn analyqei ws keimena kaqayta, ws foreis filosofikwn idewn, ws proionta istorikwn, oikonomikwn, politismikwn k.a. synqhkwn, alla oxi apo th skopia ths biologias kai ths xhmeias toy egkefaloy. Twra, ginetai antilhpto, toylaxiston se merikoys filologoys, oti h logotexnia exei telika tis rizes ths se ayta poy kanei ston egkefalo mas, enw orismenoi pane ena bhma parapera kai elpizoyn oti qa rijoyn fws sthn emplokh twn gonidiwn sth logotexnikh paragwgh.

``Prokeitai gia mia apo tis pio synarpastikes ejelijeis sthn pneymatikh zwh'', symfwna me ton kaqhghth agglikwn toy panepisthmioy Stanfornt ths Kalifornias Mpleiki Bermel, o opoios parallhla ejetazei to rolo ths ejelijhs sto myqistorhma, mia tash poy merikoi apokaloyn ``Darbinikes filologikes spoydes''. To neo ayto pedio ereynas meleta pws h anqrwpinh genetikh kai h ejeliktikh qewria sth biologia diamorfwnoyn kai ephreazoyn diaxronika th logotexnia h pws h idia h logotexnia mporei na apotelei ekfrash ths ejelijhs. Gia paradeigma, to gegonos oti ena megalo meros ths logotexnias asxoleitai me thn anazhthsh toy katallhloy syntrofoy, ypodhlwnei, kata ton Bermel, oti en prokeimenw sto ypobaqro ``doyleyoyn'' isxyres ejeliktikes dynameis poy ephreazoyn to periexomeno twn myqistorhmatwn.

Den leipoyn pantws oi antidraseis sthn tash na ``anakateytei'' h episthmh sta xwrafia ths filologias. Merikoi filologoi yposthrizoyn oti h logotexnia ws dhmioyrgikh empeiria einai yperbolika ejatomikeymenh gia na ypaxqei stis genikeyseis ths episthmonikhs meleths. Alloi foboyntai oti h ``sklhrh'' episthmh qa ypobaqmisei thn kallitexnikh kai poihtikh diastash twn anqrwpistikwn meletwn. Merikoi epishmainoyn oti oi qetikes episthmes aplws den exoyn anaptyxqei arketa gia na xwsoyn thn ``myth'' toys se pragmata toso polyploka.

``Moy fainetai sketh anohsia. O noys kai o egkefalos einai dyo teleiws diaforetika pragmata kai kanenas den jerei poia einai h sxesh metajy toys'', symfwna me ton dra Ian Paterson toy Queenbs College toy panepisthmioy Kempritz. Omws oi ypermaxoi toy ``gamoy'' neyroepisthmhs-filologias apantoyn oti h anakalych ths episthmhs pisw apo to paqos ths logotexnias den anairei thn ajia ths aisqhtikhs. ``H gnwsh ths episthmhs pisw apo thn kinhsh enos komhth sto diasthma den ypobaqmizei thn omorfia toy nyxterinoy oyranoy'', symfwna me ton kaqhghth Tzonaqan Gkotsal toy Kollegioy Oyasigkton kai Tzeferson ths Pensilbania.

Keimeno: P.Drakopoylos

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