[01] Synomilies me K. Rais

Apantwntas se sxetikh erwthsh h ka Mpakogiannh tonise oti ``den epese kanena onoma sto trapezi. H oysia epese sto trapezi. Gia thn oysia koybentiazoyme''. Taytoxrona, shmeiwse oti den syzhthse me thn ka Rais gia th synanthsh poy eixe h epikefalhs ths amerikanikhs diplwmatias me ton omologo ths ths PGDM k. Milososki prin dyo hmeres.

Apoxwrwntas h Ellhnida yp. Ejwterikwn dhlwse ``oyte aisiodojh, oyte apaisiodojh'', legontas oti h diapragmateysh synexizetai, kai epanelabe oti ``o dromos gia ta Skopia pros to NATO kai thn EE pernaei mesa apo mia koina apodekth lysh''.

Dhlwseis N. Mperns

Ypodexomenos thn ypoyrgo Ejwterikwn Ntora Mpakogiannh sto Steit Ntipartment o Amerikanos yfypoyrgos Ejwterikwn Nikolas Mperns xarakthrise thn Ellhnida ypoyrgo Ejwterikwn ws "poly kalh filh kai symmaxo twn HPA kai enan apo toys kalyteroys ypoyrgoys Ejwterikwn ths Eyrwphs", tonizontas oti sth diarkeia ths hmeras, thn opoia xarakthrise "ekplhktikh", o idios qa paraqesei geyma sthn k. Mpakogiannh, h opoia sth synexeia qa synanthqei me ton anaplhrwth ypoyrgo Ejwterikwn Tzon Negroponte kai thn idia thn ypoyrgo Ejwterikwn Kontoliza Rais.

O k. Mperns tonise oti oi HPA pisteyoyn kai ypologizoyn sthn Ellada kai qewroyn ws poly shmantikh th symmaxia me th xwra mas. Erwthqeis gia to qema toy onomatos ths PGDM, tonise oti o idios gnwrizei poly kala thn eyaisqhsia poy exoyn oi Ellhnes gia to sygkekrimeno qema, ejhghse oti oi HPA den diadramatizoyn rolo mesolabhth, prosqetontas oti to ergo ayto anhkei sta Hnwmena Eqnh.

Apo thn pleyra ths, h k. Mpakogiannh tonise oti stis syzhthseis ths me thn politikh hgesia toy Steit Ntipartment qa paroysiasei thn qesh ths Elladas sto qema twn Skopiwn kai qa ejetasei tis ejelijeis sto Kosobo to opoio, opws eipe, qa apasxolhsei th Deytera thn Eyrwpaikh Enwsh.

H ypoyrgos Ejwterikwn prosqese oti qa syzhthqoyn, epishs, ta ypoloipa problhmata poy apasxoloyn thn Ellada kai tis HPA.

H ka Mpakogiannh shmeiwse oti paresth sthn epimnhmosynh teleth gia ton Tom Lantos, proedro ths Epitrophs Ejwterikwn Sxesewn ths Boylhs, poy efyge apo thn zwh prosfata, tonizontas oti eixe polles fores synergastei mazi toy sto parelqon gia qemata poy apasxoloyn thn Ellada.

Erwthqeisa gia to qema toy Kosoboy, h ka Mpakogiannh epanelabe oti opoia ejelijh yparjei sto sygkekrimeno qema, den prepei na apotelesei prohgoymeno.

[02] "Nekrotafeia" CO2

Oi dynhtikes "apoqhkes" CO2, poy -me bash ta mexri stigmhs eyrhmata- entopizontai sthn pleiochfia toys sto ypedafos ths Boreias Elladas, exoyn melethqei se prokatarktiko stadio apo to Institoyto Gewlogikwn kai Metalleytikwn Ereynwn (IGME).

Sygkekrimena, oi dyo apo tis piqanes megales apoqhkes entopizontai sta koitasmata fysikoy aerioy ths Notias Kabalas kai petrelaioy toy Prinoy, ek twn opoiwn to prwto exei ejantlhqei kai to deytero odeyei sto idio shmeio. Oi hdh yparxoyses koilothtes twn dyo koitasmatwn qa mporoysan na metatrapoyn se monimes apoqhkes, ektimwmenhs xwrhtikothtas 5 ekat. tonwn kai 20 ekat. tonwn CO2 antistoixa.

Yparxoyn ki alla anekmetalleyta koitasmata ydrogonanqrakwn (px, Epanomh kai Katakwlo), poy mporoyn na dextoyn 10 ekat. tonoys CO2 peripoy, alla logw toy xarakthra toys den prosmetrwntai sthn omada twn tessarwn megalwn piqanwn apoqhkwn. Perissotero petrelaio kai aerio xarh sto Co2; Me alla logia, "stis apoqhkes koitasmatwn ydrogonanqrakwn yfistatai synolika ena dynamiko ths tajhs twn 35 ekat. tonwn C02?, ejhgei sto APE-MPE o dieyqynths Gewqermias kai Qermometallikwn Ydatwn toy IGME, Gewrgios Xatzhgiannhs, ekproswpos ths Elladas sto eyrwpaiko diktyo diojeidioy toy anqraka "CO2NET".

Malista, h dieqnhs praktikh exei deijei oti, peran twn wfeleiwn gia to periballon, h leitoyrgia apoqhkwn CO2 mporei na bohqhsei sto na bgoyn sthn epifaneia kai megalyteres posothtes petrelaioy kai fysikoy aerioy, poy "krybontai" se osa koitasmata odeyoyn pros ejantlhsh.

Sygkekrimena, kata thn ejoryjh toy petrelaioy, yparxei ena pososto poy paramenei ston tamieythra meta th xrhsh symbatikwn meqodwn. Ena meros toy paramenontos petrelaioy mporei na apolhfqei me th meqodo ths Beltiwmenhs Apolhchs (EOR) poy xrhsimopoiei thn eispiesh aeriwn gia na to ferei sthn epifaneia. Ena tetoio aerio einai kai to CO2, to opoio omws paramenei ston tamieythra, me synepeia na yparxoyn dyo ofelh -periballontiko kai oikonomiko.

"H meqodos ayth ejetasthke na efarmostei kai sto koitasma toy Prinoy, alla sth sygkekrimenh xronikh periodo den yphrxan diaqesimes posothtes CO2 se prosith timh", epishmainei o k.Xatzhgiannhs. Se baqos anw toy 1 xlm. Mia deyterh kathgoria dynhtikwn apoqhkwn -poy einai kai h megalyterh- afora toys almyroys-yfalmyroys ydroforeis, dhladh petrwmata gemata me almyro nero, se megala baqh apo thn epifaneia ths ghs (anw twn 1.000 metrwn). Mexri shmera exei ektimhqei to dynamiko tetoiwn ydroforewn stis ejhs perioxes: sthn izhmatogenh lekanh toy Prinoy, thn anatolikh lekanh Qessalonikhs kai Qermaikoy Kolpoy kai th Mesellhnikh Aylaka (poy topoqeteitai gewgrafika sthn perioxh apo thn Karditsa ws ta synora me thn Albania). To dynamiko apoqhkeyshs C02 twn "apoqhkwn" aytwn ektimhqhke se 10 dis. tonoys.

Synocizontas, oi tesseris perioxes apoqhkes einai aytes toy Prinoy, ths Notias Kabalas, ths anatolikhs lekanhs Qessalonikhs kai ths Mesellhnikhs Aylakas. Gia na ginei safes to megeqos twn apoqhkwn, ajizei na anaferqei oti oi synolikes ekpompes CO2 sthn Ellada (apo oles tis phges) anhlqan to 2005 se 120 ekat. tonoys peripoy. "Apo aytes, mono peripoy 71 ekat. tonwn apodidontai se megales phges ekpompwn, opws atmohlektrikoi staqmoi (AHS), tsimentobiomhxania, diylisthria , xalyboyrgeia, k.a. apo tis opoies mporoyn na diaxwristei to CO2 kai na apoqhkeytei. 'Etsi, qewrhtika to synolo twn ekpompwn CO2 apo megales phges (dhl. panw apo 100 ekat. tonoi ethsiws) mporoyn na apoqhkeytoyn gia 80 xronia ekpompwn stis gnwstes apoqhkes. Sthn prajh, bebaia, ta xronia einai ligotera logw apostasewn phgwn ekpompwn apo apoqhkes, kostoys", ejhgei o k.Xatzhgiannhs. Adiaperato gewlogiko ...kapaki Pws, omws, diasfalizetai oti to apoqhkeymeno CO2 den qa diarreysei me kapoion tropo apo tis apoqhkes, molynontas, p.x., ton ydroforo orizonta; Episthmh, empeiria kai statistikh "fwtografizoyn" apeiroelaxisto kindyno gia ena tetoio senario.

Oi apoqhkes opoy qa eisaxqei to CO2 apoteloyn gewlogikoys tamieythres, poy meletwntai poly kala kai prepei na kalyptontai apo praktika adiaperato kapaki-petrwma. Se analoges periptwseis proswrinhs apoqhkeyshs toy fysikoy aerioy se ypedafikes apoqhkes, den exoyn anaferqei sobares periptwseis diafyghs kai molynshs twn nerwn.

"H diasfalish oti den qa yparjoyn diarroes ejasfalizetai apo thn ejonyxistikh diereynhsh ths apoqhkhs, thn aristh kataskeyh twn gewtrhsewn eispieshs CO2 kai th synexh parakoloyqhsh ths qeshs kai poreias toy CO2 sthn apoqhkh me gewfysikes kai ameses meqodoys", dieykrinizei o k.Xatzhgiannhs.

Allwste, erwthqeis an h ychlh seismikothta ths Elladas mporei na ephreasei thn omalh leitoyrgia tetoiwn apoqhkwn, einai safhs: "H seismikothta ths perioxhs opoy yparxoyn oi katallhles apoqhkes CO2 einai mia shmantikh parametros poy meletatai se oles tis periptwseis. Apo thn empeiria ths ekmetalleyshs koitasmatwn fysikoy aerioy kai petrelaioy o kindynos aytos einai elaxistos". Zhtoyntai megaloi ependytes Gia na ftasei, bebaia, to CO2 mexri tis apoqhkes toy, xreiazetai na prohghqei mia diadikasia: prwton, to epiblabes aerio "desmeyetai" mesw eidikwn membranwn kai "aminwn", poy to xwrizoyn apo alla stoixeia ths atmosfairas. Akoloyqws, eisagetai se eidikoys agwgoys, poy to metaferoyn stis apoqhkes, opoy eispiezetai, apoqhkeyetai kai parakoloyqeitai diarkws. Shmera, to synoliko kostos apoqhkeyshs einai peripoy 60 eyrw/ tono CO2, me kaqodikh poreia ta teleytaia xronia, logw beltiwshs ths texnologias diaxwrismoy.

Poso akribh einai, loipon, h apoqhkeysh; Me apla logia, to kostos einai arketa ychlo kai mono megales etairies mporoyn na to analaboyn. 'Hdh, se merikes efarmoges poy yparxoyn shmera, to kostos exoyn analabei megales etairies petrelaioeidwn (Statoil BP) kai hlektroparagwghs (p.x. Vattenfall). "Antistoixa sth xwra mas to kostos mporei na analhfqei apo DEH, ELPE, k.a. Prokeimenoy na meiwqoyn oi ekpompes CO2 kata 20% (se sxesh me to 1995) to 2020 einai anagkaio na doqoyn kinhtra stis etairies. Peran aytwn to kratos prepei na xrhmatodothsei kai th meleth toso twn gewlogikwn tamieythrwn - apoqhkwn sth xwra oso kai thn ereyna beltiwshs ths texnologias diaxwrismoy CO2", ypogrammizei o k.Xatzhgiannhs. To ...alogo toy Qeoy Ontin kai h "kaqarh" hlektrikh energeia apo lignith Sta pagwmena nera ths Boreias Qalassas, konta sta synora Norbhgias- M.Bretanias, to eggys mellon einai hdh paron: sth norbhgikh qalassia perioxh Sleipner- poy phre to onoma ths apo to myqiko oktapodo alogo toy Qeoy 'Ontin- leitoyrgei to monadiko energo eyrwpaiko ergo gewlogikhs apoqhkeyshs CO2. Ekei, h etairia Statoil eispiezei CO2 se almyro ydroforea. To CO2 einai ypoproion ths epejergasias fysikoy aerioy poy ejoryssetai sthn perioxh.

Kata ta loipa, ena ergo beltiwmenhs apolhchs (EOR, opws ejhghqhke parapanw) yparxei sthn ypoqalassia perioxh ths Ollandias, enw sthn Polwnia leitoyrgei project apolhchs meqanioy apo strwmata anqraka. Ejalloy, ypo egkatastash briskontai dyo akomh erga, sto Ketzin Germanias kai sth Boreia Norbhgia.

Idiaitero endiaferon paroysiazei h periptwsh ths etairias Vattenfall, h opoia egkaqista peiramatikh monada hlektroparagwghs me apoqhkeysh toy CO2 me kaysimo lignith, isxyos 30MW sto Berolino. H etairia sxyrizetai oti se peripoy 10 xronia qa einai se qesh na paragei ``kaqarh'' hlektrikh energeia apo lignith (me mhdenikes ekpompes CO2).

Oi xwres ths E.E. poy prwtostatoyn sth Gewlogikh Apoqhkeysh einai: Germania, Norbhgia, Agglia, Dania, Ollandia, Gallia. Exontas antilhfqei ta ofelh apo thn olh diadikasia, h EE etoimazei odhgia gia to qema kai exei apodexqei thn apoqhkeysh ws enallaktikh lysh gia th meiwsh ekpompwn CO2. Kai sta Balkania Ki an h dytikh kai boreia Eyrwph exoyn to probadisma stis prospaqeies gia gewlogikh apoqhkeysh, to teleytaio diasthma exoyn arxisei na kinhtopoioyntai kai ta krath ths Notioanatolikhs Eyrwphs, me tis "eylogies" panta ths EE.

Symfwna me ton k.Xatzhgiannh, sto plaisio koinotikoy ergoy, to IGME exei analabei na ferei eis peras, se synergasia me topikoys episthmonikoys foreis, thn ektimhsh toy dynamikoy apoqhkeyshs pGDM kai Albanias. Sto idio ergo symmetexoyn kai: Boylgaria, Roymania, Kroatia, Slobenia, Bosnia. H xrhsh twn APE qa balei loyketo stis apoqhkes To dynamiko twn apoqhkwn se pagkosmio epipedo einai poly megalo kai mporei na dexqei tis ekpompes CO2 gia perissotera apo 100 xronia leitoyrgias twn phgwn twn ekpompwn.

Symfwna me thn episthmonikh koinothta, poy asxoleitai me tis klimatikes allages, h texnologia ths ``Gewlogikhs Apoqhkeyshs'' qewreitai ws mia metabatikh fash mexri thn ajiopoihsh se megalh klimaka twn Ananewsimwn Phgwn Energeias (APE), poy qa odhghsoyn se drastikh meiwsh toy CO2. Mexri tote omws...

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