Voice of America, 98-07-24

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From: The Voice of America <gopher://gopher.voa.gov>

CONTENTS

[01] U-S/GREECE (L-ONLY) BY DAVID GOLLUST (WHITE HOUSE)

[02] TURKEY/KURDS/HUMAN RIGHTS BY ANDRE DE NESNERA (LONDON)

[03] KOSOVO / DIPLOMACY (L ONLY) BY ART CHIMES (PRAGUE)

[04] UN/ KOSOVO (L) BY LISA SCHLEIN (GENEVA)

[05] DATELINE: NEIGHBORS AT WAR BY PAMELA TAYLOR (WASHINGTON)

[06] EURO STOCKS (S-ONLY) BY PAUL FRANCUCH (LONDON)

[07] N-Y ECON WRAP (S & L) BY BRECK ARDERY (NEW YORK)

[08] FRIDAY'S EDITORIALS BY GARY EDQUIST (WASHINGTON)

[01] U-S/GREECE (L-ONLY) BY DAVID GOLLUST (WHITE HOUSE)

INTRO: THE WHITE HOUSE HAS AIMED SOME HARSH CRITICISM AT GREEK FOREIGN MINISTER THEODORE PANGALOS FOR A VERBAL ATTACK HE DIRECTED AT PRESIDENT CLINTON. V-O-A'S DAVID GOLLUST REPORTS FROM THE WHITE HOUSE.

TEXT: DISPENSING WITH DIPLOMATIC NICETIES, THE WHITE HOUSE HAS DENOUNCED WHAT IT TERMED THE INTEMPERATE, DISAPPOINTING AND UNDIPLOMATIC REMARKS OF THE GREEK FOREIGN MINISTER AND URGED THAT HE RETRACT THEM.

SPEAKING IN ATHENS THURSDAY, THE MR. PANGALOS DESCRIBED 1996 CAMPAIGN PLEDGES BY PRESIDENT CLINTON TO HELP SOLVE THE CYPRUS PROBLEM AS "UTTER LIES," WHILE ACCUSING THE UNITED STATES OF SIDING WITH TURKEY IN THE RECENT DISPUTE OVER A PLAN BY THE GREEK-CYPRIOTS TO ACQUIRE RUSSIAN ANTI-AIRCRAFT MISSILES.

WHITE HOUSE SPOKESMAN MIKE MCCURRY SAID THE ADMINISTRATION DECIDED TO GO PUBLIC WITH ITS CRITICISM OF THE GREEK MINISTER AFTER AN UNSATISFACTORY DIPLOMATIC EXCHANGE WITH THE ATHENS GOVERNMENT:

THOSE WERE REMARKS UNBECOMING A SENIOR OFFICIAL OF A CLOSE ALLY OF THE UNITED STATES AND THE REMARKS WERE INCONSISTENT WITH WHAT ARE OTHERWISE CLOSE AND WARM BILATERAL RELATIONS WE ENJOY WITH THE GOVERNMENT OF GREECE. WE CERTAINLY WOULD HOPE THAT THE FOREIGN MINISTER WOULD REVISE AND EXTEND HIS REMARKS BECAUSE THEY WERE NOT APPROPRIATE.

MR. MCCURRY SAID THE WHITE HOUSE HAD CONSULTED PROMINENT GREEK-AMERICANS INCLUDING DEMOCRATIC SENATOR PAUL SARBANES ON THE ISSUE, AND HE STRESSED THE ADMINISTRATION'S CONTINUED DETERMINATION TO PURSUE RECONCILIATION ON CYPRUS. THOSE EFFORTS, HE SAID HAVE BEEN DESIGNED TO HELP AND THAT, IN HIS WORDS, "UNDIPLOMATIC STATEMENTS ARE NOT HELPFUL."

TWO YEARS AGO, PRESIDENT CLINTON NAMED SENIOR DIPLOMAT RICHARD HOLBROOKE A SPECIAL ENVOY ON THE CYPRUS PROBLEM. BUT AFTER SEVERAL MISSIONS TO THE DIVIDED ISLAND, HE ABANDONED ACTIVE EFFORTS IN MAY OF THIS YEAR -- CITING A HARDENED BARGAINING STANCE BY THE TURKISH CYPRIOTS. MR. HOLBROOKE HAS SINCE BEEN NAMED U-S AMBASSADOR TO THE UNITED NATIONS. (SIGNED)
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24-Jul-98 5:10 PM EDT (2110 UTC)
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Source: Voice of America

[02] TURKEY/KURDS/HUMAN RIGHTS BY ANDRE DE NESNERA (LONDON)

INTRO: THE LONDON BASED ORGANIZATION "INTERNATIONAL CENTER AGAINST CENSORSHIP" -- ALSO KNOWN AS "ARTICLE 19" -- STRONGLY CRITICIZES TURKEY'S REPRESSION OF THE MEDIA, ESPECIALLY AGAINST THOSE ORGANIZATIONS TRYING TO REPORT ON THE KURDISH QUESTION. V-O-A CORRESPONDENT ANDRE DE NESNERA REPORTS FROM LONDON.

TEXT: THE LATEST "ARTICLE 19" REPORT ON MEDIA REPRESSION IN TURKEY (EDS: RELEASED TODAY, FRIDAY) SAYS DESPITE BEING A PARLIAMENTARY DEMOCRACY, THE COUNTRY MAINTAINS VERY STRICT LIMITS ON FREEDOM OF SPEECH AND EXPRESSION -- AND BANS POLITICAL PARTIES WHOSE VIEWS RUN COUNTER TO THE GOVERNMENT POSITION. "ARTICLE 19'S" EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR -- FRANCES D'SOUZA -- SAYS TURKEY HAS ONE OF THE WORST RECORDS IN THE WORLD, AS FAR AS CENSORSHIP IS CONCERNED. SHE SAYS BEHIND MOST OF THE CURRENT SEVERE REPRESSION LIES THE EVER-PRESENT "KURDISH QUESTION," WHICH REMAINS A TABOO FOR AUTHORITIES.

I HAVE VISITED TURKEY QUITE REGULARLY, THOUGH ON THE LAST OCCASION I WAS ARRESTED ... ABOUT EIGHT TIMES. SO FOR THE TIME BEING, I HAVE GIVEN UP GOING TO TURKEY. BUT VERY BRIGHT, VERY INTELLIGENT AND LIBERATED PEOPLE WITHIN ISTANBUL AND ANKARA HAVE SAID TO ME THAT THEY SIMPLY DID NOT KNOW WHAT WAS GOING ON IN SOUTHEAST TURKEY -- IN KURDISTAN -- UNTIL THEY LEFT THE COUNTRY, BECAUSE IT WAS NOT REPORTED. SO, FOR EXAMPLE, THE KIND OF MILITARY EXCESSES THAT ARE OCCURRING IN SOUTHEAST TURKEY -- THE RAZING OF VILLAGES, THE DESTRUCTION OF CATTLE, THE ENFORCED REMOVAL OF PEOPLE -- IS SOMETHING WHICH IS GOING ON REGULARLY WHICH THE PRESS ARE NOT ALLOWED TO REPORT ON, BECAUSE IT IS MEANT TO BE SACROSANCT INFORMATION IN THE INTEREST OF NATIONAL SECURITY.

MISS D'SOUZA SAYS TURKEY'S LAW TO FIGHT TERRORISM IS ROUTINELY USED TO PREVENT JOURNALISTS FROM INFORMING THE PUBLIC ABOUT ISSUES RELATED TO THE KURDISH QUESTION -- AND JOURNALISTS WHO HAVE TRIED TO DO SO HAVE BEEN JAILED.

MISS D'SOUZA AND "ARTICLE 19" SAY IN ADDITION TO OFFICIAL LEGAL DETERRENTS TO FREEDOM OF EXPRESSION, THERE ARE ALSO UNOFFICIAL PRESSURES WHICH RANGE FROM SELF-CENSORSHIP, HARASSMENT AND MURDER.

ON THE MORE UNOFFICIAL SIDE OF CENSORSHIP, ONE OF THE THINGS THAT WE ARE DEEPLY CONCERNED ABOUT IS THE ALMOST CERTAINLY ROUTINE -- BUT ALMOST STATUTORY -- USE OF TORTURE IN PRISONS. I HAVE NOT YET MET A SINGLE JOURNALIST WHO HAS BEEN IN PRISON, WHO HAS NOT REPORTED TORTURE OF ONE SORT OR ANOTHER.

IT IS ALSO A COUNTRY THAT ACTS AS A SORT OF BUFFER BETWEEN THE CHRISTIAN SO-CALLED MODERATE WEST AND THE ISLAMIC EAST. AND IT SEEMS TO ME THAT THE MAJOR FEAR THE (WESTERN) GOVERNMENTS HAVE IS THAT UNLESS THEY SUPPORT THE WEAK (TURKISH) GOVERNMENT IN EVERY WAY POSSIBLE, THERE WILL BE EITHER A MILITARY TAKEOVER OR WHAT THEY FEAR MOST, AN ISLAMIC TAKEOVER. AND THAT, TO THEM, IS A FATE WORSE THAN DEATH BECAUSE IT WOULD MEAN GOING BACK TO ANCIENT HISTORY -- THE CREEPING UP OF ISLAM INTO EUROPE. AND THAT IS SOMETHING THAT ALL EUROPEAN MEMBER STATES REALLY WISH TO PREVENT.

FOR MANY YEARS, TURKEY HAS BEEN TRYING TO BECOME A MEMBER OF THE EUROPEAN UNION. LAST DECEMBER, IT WAS REJECTED FROM THE FIRST TIER OF POTENTIAL E-U MEMBERS. FRANCES D'SOUZA FROM "ARTICLE 19" SAYS UNLESS TURKEY DRASTICALLY CHANGES ITS HUMAN RIGHTS RECORD, IT CANNOT SERIOUSLY EXPECT TO BE CONSIDERED FOR EUROPEAN UNION MEMBERSHIP IN THE NEAR FUTURE.

OFFICIALS AT THE TURKISH EMBASSY HERE WERE UNAVAILABLE FOR COMMENT ON THE LATEST "ARTICLE 19" REPORT. (SIGNED)
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24-Jul-98 9:39 AM EDT (1339 UTC)
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Source: Voice of America

[03] KOSOVO / DIPLOMACY (L ONLY) BY ART CHIMES (PRAGUE)

INTRO: THE EUROPEAN UNION IS PLANNING TO SEND A PEACE MISSION TO SERBIA NEXT WEEK, AS THE SITUATION IN YUGOSLAVIA'S EMBATTLED KOSOVO PROVINCE CONTINUES TO DETERIORATE. V-O-A CORRESPONDENT ART CHIMES IS FOLLOWING THE STORY FROM OUR REGIONAL NEWS BUREAU IN PRAGUE.

TEXT: DETAILS OF THE E-U MISSION ARE NOT YET SET, BUT WILL APPARENTLY INVOLVE HIGH-RANKING OFFICIALS TRAVELLING TO BOTH BELGRADE AND KOSOVO'S PROVINCIAL CAPITAL, PRISTINA.

KOSOVO'S POPULATION IS 90-PERCENT ETHNIC ALBANIAN, BUT THE PROVINCE IS EFFECTIVELY RULED BY THE SERBS IN BELGRADE. MORE THAN 400 PEOPLE HAVE BEEN KILLED IN KOSOVO OVER THE PAST FIVE MONTHS AS SEPARATIST GUERRILLAS HAVE BATTLED SERB FORCES.

THE REBELS ARE KNOWN AS THE KOSOVO LIBERATION ARMY, THOUGH THE GROUP DOES NOT APPEAR TO HAVE A UNIFIED COMMAND STRUCTURE. THE FRAGMENTED NATURE OF THE ETHNIC ALBANIAN LEADERSHIP -- WHICH ALSO INCLUDES POLITICAL FACTIONS SEEKING A NON-VIOLENT SOLUTION -- HAS HAMPERED INTERNATIONAL DIPLOMATIC EFFORTS TO RESOLVE THE CRISIS.

FIGHTING IN RECENT DAYS HAS DEVASTATED ORAHOVAC, THE LARGEST KOSOVO TOWN YET TO SEE FIGHTING ON THIS SCALE. MANY OF THE TOWN'S BUILDINGS HAVE BEEN DESTROYED OR SERIOUSLY DAMAGED, AND AN ESTIMATED 15-THOUSAND RESIDENTS HAVE FLED. THERE ARE NO PRECISE CASUALTY FIGURES FROM ORAHOVAC, IN WHICH SERB POLICE AND ARMY FORCES DROVE OFF GUERRILLAS WHO HAD TAKEN UP POSITIONS IN THE TOWN.

[04] UN/ KOSOVO (L) BY LISA SCHLEIN (GENEVA)

INTRO: THE UNITED NATIONS REFUGEE AGENCY (U-N-H-C-R) SAYS AID AGENCIES IN THE SERBIAN PROVINCE OF KOSOVO ARE FACING GREAT DIFFICULTY IN TRYING TO BRING FOOD AND OTHER DESPERATELY NEEDED RELIEF SUPPLIES TO THE GROWING NUMBERS OF DISPLACED PEOPLE WITHIN THE TERRITORY. LISA SCHLEIN IN GENEVA REPORTS THE U-N ESTIMATES ABOUT 80,000 PEOPLE WITHIN KOSOVO ARE HOMELESS AND THOUSANDS MORE HAVE SOUGHT REFUGE IN NEIGHBORING MONTENEGRO AND ALBANIA.

TEXT: THE U-N REFUGEE AGENCY CALLS THE SITUATION IN KOSOVO ALARMING. IT SAYS LARGE GROUPS OF PEOPLE WHO HAVE FLED THEIR HOMES ARE BEING SQUEEZED INTO CERTAIN TOWNS AND AREAS WHERE THEY ARE PARTIALLY CUT OFF FROM FRESH FOOD SUPPLIES. THE AGENCY REPORTS LAST WEEK'S FIGHTING IN THE TOWN OF ORAHOVAC FORCED MORE THAN 15,000 PEOPLE TO FLEE INTO MALISEVO, A TOWN CONTROLLED BY THE KOSOVO LIBERATION ARMY. U-N-H-C-R SPOKESMAN, KRIS JANOWSKI SAYS THE NEWLY ARRIVED PEOPLE ARE CRAMMED IN THE HOUSES OF FRIENDS AND RELATIVES. IN MANY CASES, MR. JANOWSKI SAYS FAMILIES ARE HOSTING UP TO MORE THAN 100 DISPLACED PEOPLE.

THERE HAS BEEN NO ELECTRICITY FOR TWO MONTHS. THE PEOPLE HAVE BEEN ABLE TO HARVEST THE CROPS. BUT, THEY ARE UNABLE TO PROCESS THEM. THEY ARE BASICALLY UNABLE TO GRIND AND MAKE BREAD. AND, THE LACK OF GRAIN IS ONE OF THE PROBLEMS.

MR. JANOWSKI SAYS RELIEF AGENCIES ARE TRYING TO RUSH WHEAT AND FLOUR TO THE AREA. HOWEVER, HE OBSERVES THE AGENCIES ARE HAVING A DIFFICULT TIME GETTING ACCESS TO DISPLACED PEOPLE IN MALISEVO AND ELSEWHERE. HE SAYS RELIEF WORKERS HAVE TO GO THROUGH FRONT-LINES AND ARE STOPPED AT CHECK POINTS MANNED BY BOTH GOVERNMENT AND REBEL FORCES. FOR NOW, MR. JANOWSKI SAYS PEOPLE ARE ABLE TO HARVEST THEIR CROPS AND THEY HAVE PLENTY OF FRESH PRODUCE TO EAT. BUT, HE SAYS THE U-N IS VERY WORRIED ABOUT WHAT WILL HAPPEN IN WINTER WHEN THE FOOD GIVES OUT.

IF THE SITUATION OF NO ELECTRICITY, NO REGULAR FOOD SUPPLIES CONTINUES, THAN WE'LL PROBABLY BE CAUGHT IN A SITUATION WHICH WE KNOW EXTREMELY WELL FROM BOSNIA WHERE WE HAD TENS OF THOUSANDS OF PEOPLE SQUEEZED INTO POCKETS. WE HAD TO NEGOTIATE CONVOYS ALL THE TIME AND BASICALLY GO THROUGH THE DAILY NIGHTMARE OF UPS AND DOWNS, OF TRYING TO GET FOOD TO THOSE PEOPLE.

ON THURSDAY, U-N AID WORKERS VISITED THE TOWN OF ORAHOVAC, THE SCENE OF LAST WEEK'S FIGHTING BETWEEN YUGOSLAV SOLDIERS AND KOSOVO REBELS. THEY FOUND IT VIRTUALLY EMPTIED OF ALL ITS RESIDENTS. MR. JANOWSKI SAYS ONLY A FEW OLDER PEOPLE WHO WERE UNABLE TO LEAVE REMAINED BEHIND. IN ADDITION, HE SAYS THE WORKERS FOUND A GROUP OF 36 TERRIFIED ELDERLY CROAT-SERB REFUGEES HUDDLED IN A COLLECTIVE CENTER. (SIGNED)
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24-Jul-98 4:23 PM EDT (2023 UTC)
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Source: Voice of America

[05] DATELINE: NEIGHBORS AT WAR BY PAMELA TAYLOR (WASHINGTON)

INTRO: WHEN NEIGHBORS BECOME ENEMIES, IT'S CIVILIANS WHO PAY THE HEAVIEST COST. FORMER NEIGHBORS ALSO WAGE THE MOST BRUTAL WARS AS HISTORY HAS SEEN IN IRELAND, CYPRUS, THE FORMER YUGOSLAVIA AND AFRICA. WAR AMONG NEIGHBORS. WHY DO THEY START AND HOW DO WE STOP THEM? THAT'S THE SUBJECT EXAMINED ON TODAY'S EDITION OF DATELINE. HERE'S PAMELA TAYLOR:

TEXT: OFTEN WARS BETWEEN NEIGHBORS ARE WAGED IN THE NAME OF RELIGIOUS OR ETHNIC DIFFERENCES. BUT THE UNDERLYING REASONS ARE USUALLY ECONOMIC OR POLITICAL BY PERSONS TRYING TO GAIN OR KEEP POWER. THE FIGHTING WHICH ERUPTED IN MAY BETWEEN ETHIOPIA AND ERITREA SHATTERED WHAT WAS ONCE EAST AFRICA'S CLOSEST AND OLDEST FRIENDSHIP. EVEN THE LEADERS OF THE TWO COUNTRIES WERE LONG TIME REBEL ALLIES. THE ECONOMIES OF ETHIOPIA AND ERITREA WERE CLOSELY LINKED. NOW ETHIOPIA AND ERITREA ARE AT WAR -- BOMBING EACH OTHER'S TERRITORY AND SHELLING VILLAGES ACROSS THEIR DRY, ROCKY BORDER. [OPT] WHEN ERITREAN TROOPS CROSSED THE ILL-DEFINED BORDER BETWEEN THE TWO COUNTRIES ON MAY 12TH CLAIMING THE TERRITORY AS THEIRS, ETHIOPIA BEGAN EXPELLING MANY

TAPE: CUT # 1 STEARNS # 5-40798 RUNS: 3:23

THE REBEL ALLIANCE WHICH TOPPLED MR. MENGISTU IS NOW AT WAR WITH ITSELF. ETHIOPIA AND ERITREA FIGHTING A BORDER WAR THAT HAS LED TO THE DEATH AND DETENTION OF FORMER COMRADES. ERITREAN TSEHAYE GEBRE MICHAEL FOUGHT FOR YEARS AGAINST MR. MENGISTU. WHEN THE WAR WAS OVER AND ERITREA DECLARED INDEPENDENCE, MR. TSEHAYE AND HIS FAMILY CHOSE TO STAY IN ETHIOPIA WHERE HE WORKED AT THE MINISTRY OF HEALTH.

MR. TSEHAYE SAYS ETHIOPIAN AUTHORITIES TOLD HIM HE WAS HELPING ERITREA AND COULD NO LONGER WORK AT THE MINISTRY. HE AND HIS SON WERE BOTH SENT TO THIS CAMP AT FICHE, ABOUT 120 KILOMETERS NORTH OF THE CAPITAL ADDIS ABABA.

MR. TSEHAYE SAYS HE HAS BEEN LIVING PEACEFULLY IN ETHIOPIA FOR YEARS AND HE DOES NOT SEE WHY HE AND HIS FAMILY ARE SUFFERING WHEN THEY HAVE NOTHING TO DO WITH FIGHTING IN THE NORTH.

WITH MORE THAN 300 THOUSAND ERITREANS LIVING IN ETHIOPIA, FEWER THAN ONE THOUSAND HAVE BEEN DEPORTED AND ANOTHER THOUSAND DETAINED. ETHIOPIA SAYS THIS SHOWS THIS IS NOT A WITCH HUNT BUT INSTEAD A SELECTIVE EFFORT TO PROTECT ITSELF AGAINST SPYING AND SABOTAGE.

THAT IS LITTLE COMFORT FOR PEOPLE LIKE ANAN KAHGAI, WHO ATTENDS UNIVERSITY IN THE U-S STATE OF TEXAS. HE WAS HOME ON HOLIDAY LAST WEEK WHEN HE WAS PICKED-UP IN THE ETHIOPIAN CAPITAL.

I LEFT THIS COUNTRY WHEN I WAS ONE (YEAR OLD) AND I CAME BACK HERE AFTER ALL THESE YEARS, 22 YERARS LATER, FOR A VACATION. BECAUSE MY DAD IS ERITREAN, I'VE BEEN KEPT HERE FOR NO REASON. THEY HAVEN'T EVEN ASKED ME ANYTHING. THEY SAID ALL THEY WERE GOING TO DO WAS ASK ME QUESTIONS ABOUT MY DAD. THEY HAVEN'T. I'VE BEEN HERE A PRISONER FOR ALMOST ONE WEEK NOW.

CONDITIONS AT THE FICHE CAMP ARE CRAMPED BUT NOT SEVERE. THERE IS A HEALTH CLINIC, EXERCISE GROUNDS AND VISITS FROM THE RED CROSS. CAMP COMMANDANT MESFIN GEBRE EGZIEBEHER SAYS THE ERITREANS ARE NOT PRISONERS, THAT THEY ARE TREATED LIKE HUMAN BEINGS. 'THEY ARE NOT OUR FRIENDS, BUT THEY ARE NOT OUR ENEMIES EITHER', HE SAYS. 'THEY ARE ERITREANS AND WE HAVE TO KEEP AN EYE ON THEM.'

TEXT: VOA CORRESPONDENT SCOTT STEARNS REPORTING FROM CENTRAL ETHIOPIA. [END OPT] [OPT] LAST APRIL AN HISTORIC PEACE ACCORD WAS REACHED ENDING EUROPE'S OLDEST CONFLICT BETWEEN NEIGHBORS. MORE THAN THREE THOUSAND PEOPLE WERE KILLED IN NORTHERN IRELAND'S 30 YEARS OF SECTARIAN VIOLENCE. IT BECAME KNOWN AS 'THE TROUBLES' -- A CONFLICT PITTING PROTESTANTS AGAINST CATHOLICS. LAST MONTH A MAJORITY OF PEOPLE -- OF BOTH FAITHS -- SUPPORTED THE PEACE ACCORD IN A NATIONWIDE REFERENDUM. AND THIS MONTH A NEW ASSEMBLY WAS ELECTED, HEADED BY A PROTESTANT AND A CATHOLIC. HOWEVER, THE INFANT PEACE IS A STILL FRAGILE ONE. A LITTLE OVER A WEEK AGO, THREE BROTHERS UNDER 11 YEARS OF AGE WERE KILLED IN A CATHOLIC NEIGHBORHOOD. AND A SMALL NUMBER OF PROTESTANT ACTIVISTS HAVE VOWED TO PROCEED WITH A MARCH THROUGH A CATHOLIC TOWN DESPITE A POLICE BLOCKADE. [OPT]

WHAT IS IT ABOUT WARS AMONG NEIGHBORS THAT MAKES THEM SO BRUTAL AND SO INTRANSIGENT? THAT'S THE QUESTION WE PUT TO JANUSZ BUGAIGSKY, WHO SPECIALIZES IN ETHNIC RELATIONS AT THE WASHINGTON-BASED CENTER FOR STRATEGIC AND INTERNATIONAL STUDIES. MR. BUGAISKY HAS RECENTLY RETURNED FROM SERBIA'S WAR-TORN PROVINCE OF KOSOVO:

TAPE: CUT # 2 TAYLOR/BUGAISKY RUNS: 2:14 [BUGAISKY] WHERE THERE HAS BEEN A LONG HISTORY OF HOSTILE INTERACTION, MEMORIES ARE VERY LONG. THERE IS OFTEN SOME PERSONAL VENDETTAS INVOLVED. OFTEN THE HISTORY OF AN ETHNIC GROUP IS TAUGHT IN RELATION TO HOSTILITY TO THE OUTSIDER WHICH IS OFTEN A NEIGHBOR. PARTICULARLY IN CRISIS AREAS UNDERGOING TRANSFORMATION AS IN SOUTHEAST EUROPE, THESE INTERNEIGHBORLY CONFRONTATIONS OFTEN COME TO THE FORE. AND OFTEN IF YOU LOOK BACK IN HISTORY IT HASN'T ALWAYS BEEN BETWEEN ARMIES, BETWEEN SOLDIERS, IT HAS OFTEN INVOLVED CIVILIANS, CIVILIAN CASUALTIES, CIVILIAN MASSACRES SUCH AS WE WITNESSED IN BOSNIA OVER A PERIOD OF FIVE YEARS. SO I WOULD SAY IF THERE IS A SITUATION OF CONFLICT AND IF ITS PROVOKED BY POLITICAL LEADERS, AND IF THERE IS SOME TERRITORIAL OBJECTIVE WITH REGARD TO RESOURCES, THOSE INTERNEIGHBORLY CONFLICTS ARE THE MOST DEADLY. [TAYLOR] ONE COULD ASSUME THAT IT WOULD BE EASIER TO DROP BOMBS FROM AN AIRPLANE AT A SAFE DISTANCE WHERE YOU DON'T SEE THE PEOPLE YOU ARE KILLING THAN TO COMMIT THE ATROCITIES THAT WE HEAR ABOUT IN SO MANY OF THESE NEIGHBORLY WARS? [BUGAISKY] WELL, WE WITNESSED THIS IN BOSNIA AND NOW IN KOSOVO WHERE POLITICAL LEADERS DELIBERATELY WANT TO ENCOURAGE MASSACRES AGAINST A POPULATION WHETHER TO TERRORIZE THEM OR DRIVE THEM OUT OF THE COUNTRY. AND YOU WILL ALWAYS FIND A CERTAIN ELEMENT WHO WILL PERFORM TERRIBLE ATROCITIES. IT IS NOT IN THE GENES, IT IS IN THE CULTURE AND THE POLITICS. [TAYLOR] DO YOU THINK IT HAS ANYTHING TO DO WITH THE FACT THAT LOVE AND HATE AS THEY SAY ARE CLOSELY INTERTWINED AND PERHAPS IT'S EASIER TO HATE SOMEONE YOU KNOW VERY WELL THAN SOMEONE YOU DON'T KNOW AT ALL? [BUGAISKY] MY THEORY OF THE BOSNIA WAR IS NOT THAT THEY FOUGHT BECAUSE THEY ARE SO DIFFERENT BUT THAT THEY FOUGHT BECAUSE THEY'RE SO SIMILAR. IT WAS REALLY A PROCESS OF SEPARATION, TRYING TO DISTINGUISH YOURSELF FROM 'THE OTHER' WHETHER IT'S THE RELIGIOUS OTHER OR THE ETHNIC OTHER AND THOSE WARS ARE THE MOST BRUTAL BECAUSE IN A WAY YOU ARE FIGHTING AGAINST YOURSELF.

TEXT: JANUSZ BUGAISKY OF THE CENTER FOR STRATEGIC AND INTERNATIONAL STUDIES IN WASHINGTON. [OPT] ONE OF THE WORLD'S OLDEST CONFLICTS IN MODERN TIMES OF COURSE IS THE ONE BETWEEN ISRAELIS AND PALESTINIANS. IT'S ANOTHER EXAMPLE WHERE BRUTALITY AND TERRORISM HAVE MADE IT DIFFICULT TO AGREE ON THE TERMS OF PEACE. A PEACE AGREEMENT WAS NEVERTHELESS SIGNED BY BOTH PARTIES IN 1993. BUT IT BROKE DOWN A FEW YEARS LATER AND REPEATED EFFORTS TO RESTART NEGOTIATIONS HAVE SO FAR FAILED. CONFLICT RESOLUTION SPECIALISTS SAY THE LONGER CONFLICTS CONTINUE, THE HARDER IT IS TO PERSUADE THE WARRING FACTIONS TO SIT DOWN AND DISCUSS PEACE. [END OPT] [OPT] ANOTHER LONG-RUNNING DISPUTE WHICH HAS STYMIED DIPLOMATS IS CYPRUS WHERE VIOLENCE ERUPTED BETWEEN THE ISLAND'S GREEK AND TURKISH COMMUNITIES SHORTLY AFTER IT GAINED INDEPENDENCE FROM BRITAIN IN 1960.

TAPE: CUT # 3 MCDONALD [FR LATHAM 7-18152] RUNS :34

THEIR VIOLENCE STARTED THREE AND A HALF YEARS LATER WHEN THERE WAS AN ATTEMPTED COUP AND THERE WAS ETHNIC CLEANSING AS WE CALL IT TODAY. THE TURKISH MUSLIM POPULATION VERSUS THE GREEK CHRISTIAN POPULATION. AND SO THE U-N PUT IN A PEACEKEEPING FORCE IN 1964. IT IS STILL THERE. ALL THE TURKISH MUSLIMS MOVED TO THE NORTH, THE GREEK CHRISTIANS TO THE SOUTH. THE GREEN LINE BECAME IMPASSABLE ON WHICH THE U-N TROOPS WERE PLACED. AND SO WE FOUND A WHOLE GENERATION OF YOUNG PEOPLE HAS GROWN UP ON BOTH SIDES OF THAT GREEN LINE SINCE 1974, HATING THE OTHER SIDE HAVING NEVER MET THEM. [END OPT]

TEXT: JOHN MCDONALD, A 40-YEAR CAREER DIPLOMAT WITH THE U-S STATE DEPARTMENT IS NOW CHAIRMAN OF THE INSTITUTE FOR MULTI-TRACK DIPLOMACY IN WASHINGTON. HE SAYS DIALOGUE HAS BEGUN BETWEEN GREEK AND TURKISH MEMBERS OF THE CYPRUS PARLIAMENT AND SOME CITIZENS ARE FOR THE FIRST TIME CROSSING THE INFAMOUS GREEN LINE WHICH DIVIDES THEIR COMMUNITIES. BUT HE AGREES IT WILL TAKE A LOT MORE CONTACT TO ERASE MORE THAN 30 YEARS OF HATRED ON THE MEDITERRANEAN ISLAND.

FOR THIS REASON NON-GOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS LIKE MR. MCDONALD'S ARE TRYING TO GET INVOLVED IN A CONFLICT IN ITS EARLIEST DAYS, TO GET DIALOGUE GOING BEFORE HATRED AND FEAR OF THE OTHER SETS IN.

TAPE: CUT # 4 MCDONALD [FR LATHAM 7-18152] RUNS :33

I'M TALKING ABOUT FOCUSING ON THE HATE, THE FEAR, THE TRAUMA THAT THESE PEOPLE HAVE SUFFERED. I'M TALKING ABOUT THE ABILITY TO GET THEM TO REALIZE THAT THE ENEMY WHO WAS THEIR NEIGHBOR CAN STILL BE THEIR NEIGHBOR AGAIN IF THEY CAN SOME LEARN SOME OF THE SKILLS WE'RE TALKING ABOUT AND LEARN HOW TO WORK AND TO LIVE TOGETHER. NO MATTER WHERE THEY'RE FROM, FEAR IS THE HEART OF WHAT WE'RE TALKING ABOUT AND MANY TIMES ONE SIDE DOESN'T REALIZE THAT THE OTHER SIDE IS AFRAID OF THEM. AND WHEN THEY REALIZE EVERYBODY IS AFRAID OF EVERYBODY ELSE, THEN THEY REALIZE THAT SOMETHING HAS GOT TO CHANGE.

TEXT: JOHN MACDONALD SAYS THE DAYTON ACCORD WHICH ENDED THE FIGHTING IN BOSNIA ALSO SET THE STAGE FOR CREATING CIVIL INSTITUTIONS AND HOLDING ELECTIONS. OTHER CONFLICT RESOLUTION SPECIALISTS AGREE WITH MR. MCDONALD. AND SOME, LIKE JANUSZ BUGAISKY, GO FURTHER -- SAYING BOSNIANS HAVE ALREADY MADE AMAZING PROGRESS RESUMING RELATIONSHIPS WITH NEIGHBORS WHO ONLY THREE YEARS AGO WERE AT EACH OTHER'S THROATS. (SIGNED)
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24-Jul-98 2:44 PM EDT (1844 UTC)
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Source: Voice of America

[06] EURO STOCKS (S-ONLY) BY PAUL FRANCUCH (LONDON)

INTRO: EUROPEAN INVESTORS SAW THE CONTINENT'S THREE BIGGEST STOCK MARKETS END THE WEEK ON A CONTINUED DOWNWARD SLIDE. FROM LONDON, VOA'S PAUL FRANCUCH REPORTS.

TEXT: WORRIES ABOUT FUTURE CORPORATE PROFITS SEEMED TO MAKE INVESTORS SKITTISH ABOUT STOCKS. AND THERE WAS REASON FOR IT. SHARE PRICES OF BRITISH CHEMICAL GIANT "I-C-I" FELL MORE THAN FIVE PERCENT FRIDAY AFTER A 14 PERCENT DROP THURSDAY. SHARES IN GERMAN SPORTING GOODS MANUFACTURER "ADIDAS-SOLOMON" FELL NINE PERCENT FRIDAY. AND IN FRANCE, THE BIG COMPUTER COMPANY "BULL" SUFFERED A 16 PERCENT DECLINE IN SHARE VALUE.

ON THE MARKETS, THE LONDON "FINANCIAL TIMES" 100 INDEX DROPPED AN OVERALL ONE-POINT-FOUR PERCENT FRIDAY, OR 84 POINTS. THE PARIS "CAC 40" WAS OFF 30-AND-ONE-HALF POINTS -- NEARLY THREE-QUARTERS OF ONE PERCENT. THE GERMAN "DAX" INDEX, HOWEVER, CLOSED DOWN A SCANT THREE-AND-ONE-QUARTER POINTS. (SIGNED)
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24-Jul-98 1:29 PM EDT (1729 UTC)
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Source: Voice of America

[07] N-Y ECON WRAP (S & L) BY BRECK ARDERY (NEW YORK)

INTRO: STOCK PRICES IN THE UNITED STATES WERE UP TODAY (FRIDAY) IN A VERY VOLATILE SESSION. VOA CORRESPONDENT BRECK ARDERY REPORTS FROM NEW YORK.

TEXT: THE DOW JONES INDUSTRIAL AVERAGE CLOSED AT 89 HUNDRED 37, UP FOUR POINTS. FOR THE WEEK, THE INDUSTRIAL AVERAGE LOST 401 POINTS OR MORE THAN FOUR PERCENT. THE STANDARD AND POOR'S 500 INDEX CLOSED FRIDAY AT 11 HUNDRED 40, UP ONE POINT.

IT WAS A VOLATILE SESSION WITH STOCKS UP STRONGLY EARLY IN THE DAY, THEN FALLING, RECOVERING AND FALLING AGAIN BEFORE CLOSING UP MODESTLY. IT WAS THE FIRST GAIN THIS WEEK FOR THE INDUSTRIAL AVERAGE.

AS THEY WERE MOST OF THE WEEK, TRADERS WERE CONCERNED ABOUT CORPORATE EARNINGS RESULTS. ANALYSTS SAY MANY PROFIT REPORTS FOR THE SECOND QUARTER ARE NOT LIVING UP TO EXPECTATIONS.

IF YOU LOOK AT THE NUMBERS EACH WEEK AND JUST LOOK AT WHAT EARNINGS HAVE DONE OVER THE LAST 12 MONTH, YOU WILL FIND THAT EARNINGS ARE ESSENTIALLY FLAT (NOT MUCH CHANGED).

SOME OF THE EARNINGS DISAPPOINTMENTS FRIDAY INCLUDED THE GATEWAY COMPUTER COMPANY WHERE PROFITS FELL FAR BELOW EXPECTATIONS. AND AMP, THE WORLD'S LARGEST MAKER OF ELECTRIC CONNECTION EQUIPMENT, REPORTED AN ALMOST 50 PERCENT DROP IN PROFITS.

THE U-S INTERNATIONAL TRADE COMMISSION SAYS IT HAS EVIDENCE THAT STEEL PRODUCERS IN JAPAN, SOUTH KOREA AND SIX OTHER COUNTRIES HAVE BEEN DUMPING STEEL SHEETS AND COILS IN THE U-S MARKET. "DUMPING" MEANS SELLING PRODUCTS IN THE UNITED STATES FOR LESS THAN A PRODUCER'S HOME MARKET AND COULD LEAD TO INCREASED U-S TARIFFS ON IMPORTED STEEL. PEPSICO, THE SNACK FOOD AND SOFT DRINK COMPANY, SAYS IT WILL CONSIDER SPINNING OFF ITS COMPANY-OWNED BOTTLING OPERATIONS INTO A SEPARATE FIRM. IF IT DOES, PEPSICO WILL FOLLOW THE LEAD OF ARCH RIVAL COCA COLA WHICH SPUN OFF ITS BOTTLING BUSINESS 12 YEARS AGO.

COCA-COLA HAS AGREED TO INVEST IN A PALESTINIAN COMPANY WHICH WILL BOTTLE AND DISTRIBUTE COKE PRODUCTS IN THE WEST BANK AND GAZA. IT IS BELIEVED TO BE THE FIRST TIME THAT A MULTINATIONAL CORPORATION HAS JOINED WITH A PALESTINIAN COMPANY TO INVEST IN PALESTINIAN AREAS.(SIGNED)
NEB/NY/BA/LSF
24-Jul-98 5:24 PM EDT (2124 UTC)
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Source: Voice of America

[08] FRIDAY'S EDITORIALS BY GARY EDQUIST (WASHINGTON)

INTRO: U-S CONCERN ABOUT AN IRANIAN MISSILE TEST; AN APPARENT SET BACK FOR U-S MIDDLE EAST POLICY; AND IMPORTANT NATIONAL ELECTIONS IN CAMBODIA ARE SOME OF THE LEADING EDITORIAL TOPICS IN U-S NEWSPAPERS THIS FRIDAY. NOW, HERE WITH A CLOSER LOOK AND SOME QUOTES, IS __________________ AND TODAY'S U-S EDITORIAL DIGEST.

TEXT: IRAN TESTED A MEDIUM-RANGE MISSILE WEDNESDAY. U-S OFFICIALS SAID THE MISSILE COULD, IN THE FUTURE, POSE A THREAT TO REGIONAL SECURITY. "THE NEW YORK TIMES" SAYS THE TEST OF A MISSILE "THAT CAN REACH ISRAEL, SAUDI ARABIA AND TURKEY IS A DISTURBING AND DANGEROUS DEVELOPMENT."

VOICE: /// OPT ///TESTING SUCH AN ADVANCED WEAPONS SYSTEM, POTENTIALLY CAPABLE OF CARRYING BIOLOGICAL, CHEMICAL AND NUCLEAR AS WELL AS CONVENTIONAL WEAPONS ... HEIGHTENS ANXIETIES IN AN ALREADY TENSE MIDDLE EAST. /// END OPT